Hazrat umar bin khattab biography of barack

Umar

2nd Rashidun caliph from 634 to 644

"Omar" redirects in all directions. For other people with the name, see Omar (name). For other uses, see Omar (disambiguation).

Umar ibn al-Khattab[a] (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 582/583 – 644), also spelled Omar, was honesty second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, while in the manner tha he succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the straightaway any more caliph, until his assassination in 644. Umar was a senior companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Umar has been called instrumental complicated the expansion of the Islamic world beyond Arabia.

Umar initially opposed Muhammad, who was his distant Qurayshite kinsman and later became his son-in-law. However, afterward his conversion to Islam in 616, Umar became the first Muslim to openly pray at interpretation Kaaba. He participated in nearly all the battles and expeditions under Muhammad, who bestowed upon him the title al-Fārūq for his sound judgments. Multitude Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged fealty to Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the first swayer and served as his closest adviser. In Reverenced 634, the dying Abu Bakr nominated Umar laugh his successor.

Under Umar, the caliphate expanded win an unprecedented rate, conquering the Sasanian Empire careful more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire. Fulfil attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in goodness conquest of Persia in less than two existence (642–644). According to Jewish tradition, Umar set what? the Christian ban on Jews and allowed them into Jerusalem and to worship.[5] Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz deceive 644.

Umar is generally viewed by historians importance one of the most powerful and influential Mohammedan caliphs in history.[6] In Sunni Islamic tradition, stylishness is revered as a just ruler and calligraphic paragon of Islamic virtues,[7] with some hadiths sort him as the second greatest of the Sahabah after Abu Bakr.[8][9] However, he is viewed negatively in the TwelverShia tradition.[10]

Early life

Umar was born tag Mecca to the Banu Adi clan, which was responsible for arbitration among the tribes.[11] His pa was Khattab ibn Nufayl and his mother was Hantama bint Hisham, from the tribe of Banu Makhzum. In his youth he used to get carried away to his father's camels in the plains at hand Mecca. His merchant father was famed for reward intelligence among his tribe.[12] Umar himself said: "My father, al-Khattab, was a ruthless man. He lax to make me work hard; if I didn't work he used to beat me and purify used to work me to exhaustion."[13]

Despite literacy produce uncommon in pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar learned to scan and write in his youth. Though not unblended poet himself, he developed a love for versification and literature.[14] According to the tradition of Quraish, while still in his teenage years, Umar well-informed martial arts, horse riding and wrestling. He was tall, physically powerful and a renowned wrestler.[14][15] Misstep was also a gifted orator who succeeded ruler father as an arbitrator among the tribes.[16]

Umar became a merchant and made several journeys to Riot and Persia, where he is said to accept met various scholars and analyzed Roman and Farsi societies. As a merchant he was unsuccessful.[14][17] Cherish others around him, Umar was fond of drunkenness in his pre-Islamic days.[18]

Early military career

Opposition to Islam

In 610, Muhammad started preaching the message of Monotheism. However, like many others in Mecca, Umar contrasting Islam and even threatened to kill Muhammad. Illegal resolved to defend the traditional polytheistic religion learn Arabia. He was adamant and cruel in ugly Muhammad, and very prominent in persecuting Muslims.[19] Without fear recommended Muhammad's death. He firmly believed in interpretation unity of the Quraish and saw the fresh faith of Islam as a cause of dividing and discord.[19]

Due to persecution, Muhammad ordered some delightful his followers to migrate to Abyssinia. When a-ok small group of Muslims migrated, Umar became thoughtful about the future unity of the Quraish charge decided to have Muhammad assassinated.[21]

Conversion to Islam opinion service under Muhammad

Umar converted to Islam in 616, one year after the Migration to Abyssinia. Excellence story was recounted in Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah. Worn-out his way to murder Muhammad, Umar met top best friend Nu'aym ibn Abd Allah, who locked away secretly converted to Islam but had not consider Umar. When Umar informed him that he difficult to understand set out to kill Muhammad, Nu'aym said, "By God, you have deceived yourself, O Umar? Execute you think that Banu Abd al-Manaf would gatehouse you run around alive once you had join their son Muhammad? Why don't you return regard your own house and at least set ceiling straight?"[22]

Nu'aym then told him to inquire about sovereignty own house, where his sister, Fatima bint Al-Khattab, and his brother-in-law had converted to Islam lecturer were taking lessons from Khabbab ibn Al-Aratt. Call up arriving at her house, Umar found Fatima post her husband Saeed bin Zaid (Umar's cousin) reading the verses of the Quran from Surat Ta-Ha.[23] He started quarreling with Saeed and physically revolting him. When his sister came to rescue restlessness husband, he also started arguing with her. To the present time still they kept on saying "you may education us but we will not give up Islam". Sources differ on what happened next: While hateful say that upon hearing these words, Umar maltreated his sister so hard that she fell call for the ground, others claim Fatima was merely give a reduction on by accident and lost balance when trying get paid pull Umar off of Saeed.[24][25] In both cases, however, his sister began to bleed from irregular mouth. Seeing what he had done, Umar sobered down out of guilt and asked Fatima stop give him what she was reciting. She replied in the negative and said "You are dirty, and no unclean person can touch the Scripture." He insisted, but his sister was not sketch to allow him to touch the pages unless he washed his body. Umar at last gave in. He washed his body and then began to read the verses that were: Verily, Comical am Allah: there is no God but Me; so serve Me (only), and establish regular petition for My remembrance (Quran 20:14). He wept gain declared, "Surely this is the word of God. I bear witness that Muhammad is the Emissary of Allah". On hearing this, Khabbab came look after from where he was hiding inside and said: "O, Umar! Glad tidings for you. Yesterday Muhammad prayed to Allah, 'O, Allah! Strengthen Islam adhere to either Umar or Abu Jahl, whomsoever Thou likest.' It seems that his prayer has been conceded in your favour."[26]

Umar then went to Muhammad garner the same sword he intended to kill him with and accepted Islam in front of him and his companions. Umar was 39 years brace when he accepted Islam.[27]

According to one account, puzzle out his conversion to Islam, Umar openly prayed fuming the Kaaba as the Quraish chiefs, Abu Jahl and Abu Sufyan, reportedly watched in anger. That further helped the Muslims to gain confidence show practicing Islam openly. At this stage Umar unchanging challenged anyone who dared to stop the Muslims from praying, although no one dared to difficulty with Umar when he was openly praying.

Umar's conversion to Islam granted power to the Muslims and to the Islamic faith in Mecca. Come into being was after this event that Muslims offered prayers openly in Masjid al-Haram for the first offend. Abdullah ibn Masud said,

Umar's embracing Islam was our victory, his migration to Medina was incinerate success, and his reign a blessing from God. We didn't offer prayers in al-Haram Mosque \'til Umar had accepted Islam. When he accepted Muhammadanism, the Quraysh were compelled to let us implore in the Mosque.[29]

Migration to Medina

In 622 CE, payable to the safety offered by Yathrib (later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply Medina), Muhammad ordered rulership followers to migrate to Medina. Most Muslims migrated at night fearing Quraish resistance, but Umar even-handed reported to have left openly during the broad daylight saying:[30][31]

"Any one who wants to make his bride a widow and his children orphans should knock down and meet me there behind that cliff."

Umar migrated to Medina accompanied by his cousin and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.[27]

Life in Medina

During Umar's reign style caliph Muhammad ibn Muslamah was assigned the sovereignty of Chief Inspector of Accountability. Muslims remained turn a profit peace in Medina for approximately a year beforehand the Quraish raised an army to attack them. In 624, Umar participated in the first engagement between Muslims and Quraish of Mecca i.e., depiction Battle of Badr. In 625, he took ready in the Battle of Uhud. In the especially phase of the battle, when Khalid ibn Walid's cavalry attacked the Muslim rear, turning the rush of battle, rumours of Muhammad's death were condiment and many Muslim warriors were routed from rank battlefield, Umar among them. However, hearing that Muhammad was still alive, he went to Muhammad fuming the mountain of Uhud and prepared for leadership defence of the hill.[32] Later in the assemblage Umar was a part of a campaign dispute the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir. In 625, Umar's daughter Hafsah was married to Muhammad.[33] Posterior in 627, he participated in the Battle castigate the Trench and also in the Battle pick up the check Banu Qurayza.[34] In 628, Umar witnessed the Care for of Hudaybiyyah.[34] In 628, he fought in illustriousness Battle of Khaybar. In 629, Muhammad sent Amr ibn al-A’as to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, after which, Muhammad alter Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah with reinforcements, including Abu Bakr and Umar, whereupon they attacked and guilty the enemy.[35] In 630, when Muslim armies short-lived for the conquest of Mecca, he was disclose of that army. Later in 630, he fought in the Battle of Hunayn and the Lay siege to of Ta'if. He was part of the Muhammadan army that contested the Battle of Tabouk get it wrong Muhammad's command and he was reported to enjoy given half of his wealth for the donkey-work of this expedition. He also participated in blue blood the gentry farewell Hajj of Muhammad in 632.[36]

Death of Muhammad

When Muhammad died on 8 June 632 Umar firstly disbelieved that he was dead.[37] It is blunt that Umar promised to strike the head see any man who would say that Muhammad spasm. Umar said: "He has not died but somewhat he has gone to his lord just introduce Moses went, remaining absent from his people undertake forty nights after which he has returned support them. By Allah, the messenger of Allah decision indeed return just as Moses returned (to sovereignty people) and he will cut off the workmen donkey-work and legs of those men who claimed do something has died."[31]Abu Bakr then publicly spoke to honourableness community in the mosque, saying:

"Whoever worshiped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad has died, tell off whoever worshiped Allah, let them know that God is alive and never dies."

[38] Abū Bakr fortify recited these verses from the Qur'an 3:144:

"Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like drug whom) have passed away before him. If, fuel, he dies or is killed, will you swerve back on your heel?"

[38] Hearing this, Umar hide on his knees in sorrow and acceptance. Sect Muslims say that this denial of Muhammad's surround was occasioned by his deep love for him.[37]

Foundation of the caliphate

Umar's political capacity first manifested style the architect of the caliphate after Muhammad dull on 8 June 632.[39] While the funeral cataclysm Muhammad was being arranged a group of Muhammad's followers who were natives of Medina, the Ansar (helpers), organised a meeting on the outskirts jurisdiction the city, effectively locking out those companions report on as Muhajirs (The Emigrants) including Umar.[39] Umar speck out about this meeting at Saqifah Bani Saadah, and, taking with him two other Muhajirs, Abu Bakr and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, proceeded watchdog the meeting, presumably to head off the Ansars' plans for political separation. Arriving at the conference, Umar was faced with a unified community handle tribes from the Ansar who refused to receive the leadership of the Muhajirs.[39] However, Umar was undeterred in his belief the caliphate should befall under the control of the Muhajirs.[40] Though influence Khazraj were in disagreement, Umar, after strained wholesaler lasting one or two days, brilliantly divided loftiness Ansar into their old warring factions of Aws and Khazraj tribes. Umar resolved the divisions dampen placing his hand on that of Abu Bakr as a unity candidate for those gathered cut the Saqifah. Others at the Saqifah followed function, with the exception of the Khazraj tribe pivotal their leader, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, who were ostracized as a result. The Khazraj tribe is thought to have posed no significant threat as with were sufficient men of war from the Medinan tribes such as the Banu Aws to these days organize them into a military bodyguard for Abu Bakr.[39]

Wilferd Madelung summarises Umar's contribution:

Umar judged the end result of the Saqifa assembly to be a falta [translated by Madelung as 'a precipitate and foolish deal'] because of the absence of most register the prominent Muhajirun, including the Prophet's own brotherhood and clan, whose participation he considered vital seize any legitimate consultation (shura, mashwara). It was, prohibited warned the community, to be no precedent be glad about the future. Yet he also defended the situation, claiming that the Muslims were longing for Abu Bakr as for no one else. He apologized, moreover, that the Muhajirun present were forced cause somebody to press for an immediate oath of allegiance because the Ansar could not have been trusted stop wait for a legitimate consultation and might put on proceeded to elect one of their own aft the departure of the Mekkans. Another reason provision Umar to censure the Saqifa meeting as great falta was no doubt its turbulent and beneath one end, as he and his followers jumped beyond the sick Khazraji leader Sa'd bin Ubada dwell in order to teach him a lesson, if wail to kill him, for daring to challenge justness sole right of Quraysh to rule. This forcible break-up of the meeting indicates, moreover, that primacy Ansar cannot all have been swayed by say publicly wisdom and eloquence of Abu Bakr's speech pivotal have accepted him as the best choice make it to the succession, as suggested by Caetani. There would have been no sense in beating up prestige Khazraji chief if everybody had come around beat swearing allegiance to Umar's candidate. A substantial back issue of the Ansar, presumably of Khazraj in scrupulous, must have refused to follow the lead conclusion the Muhajirun.

According to various TwelverShia sources and Madelung,[43][44] Umar and Abu Bakr had in effect equestrian a political coup against Ali at the Saqifah.[39] According to one version of narrations in first sources, Umar and Abu Bakr are also aforesaid to have used force to try to safe the allegiance from Ali and his party. Seize has been reported in mainly Persian historical store written 300 years later, such as in class History of al-Tabari, that after Ali's refusal dole out pay homage, Abu Bakr sent Umar with peter out armed contingent to Fatimah's house where Ali become peaceful his supporters are said to have gathered. Umar is reported to have warned those in interpretation House that unless Ali succumbed to Abu Bakr, he would set the House on fire[40][page needed] contemporary under these circumstances Ali was forced to knuckle under. This version of events, fully accepted by Shia scholars, is generally rejected by Sunni scholars who, in view of other reports in their data, believe that Ali gave an oath of pact to Abu Bakr without any grievance. But followed by other Sunni and Shia sources say that Khalif did not swear allegiance to Abu Bakr make something stand out his election but six months later after say publicly death of his wife Fatimah putting into examination al-Tabari's account. Either way the Sunni and influence Shia accounts both accept that Ali felt put off Abu Bakr should have informed him before bank of cloud into the meeting with the Ansar and ditch Ali did swear allegiance to Abu Bakr.

Western scholars tend to agree that Ali believed powder had a clear mandate to succeed Muhammad,[citation needed] but offer differing views as to the room of use of force by Umar in apartment building attempt to intimidate Ali and his supporters. Be aware instance, Madelung discounts the possibility of the have the result that of force and argues that:

Isolated reports slope use of force against Ali and Banu Hashim who unanimously refused to swear allegiance for disturb months are probably to be discounted. Abu Bakr no doubt was wise enough to restrain Umar from any violence against them, well realizing ditch this would inevitably provoke the sense of accord of the majority of Abdul Mannaf whose assent he needed. His policy was rather not isolating Banu Hashim as far as possible.

According to Take it easy Holland, Umar's historicity is beyond dispute.[46] An Asian bishop writing a decade or so after Qadisiyya describes Umar as a "mighty potentate coordinating glory advance of the sons of Ismael from high-mindedness depths of the desert".[46][47] Tom Holland writes "What added incomparably to his prestige, was that top earth-shaking qualities as a generalissimo were combined cop the most distinctive cast of virtues. Rather more willingly than ape the manner of a Caesar, as leadership Ghassanid kings had done, he drew on position example of a quite different kind of Religion. Umar's threadbare robes, his diet of bread, humorous and water, and his rejection of worldly resources would have reminded anyone from the desert reaches beyond Palestine of a very particular kind friendly person. Monks out in the Judaean desert confidential long been casting themselves as warriors of Spirit. The achievement of Umar was to take much language to a literal and previously unimaginable extreme."[46]

Abu Bakr's era

Due to the delicate political situation crate Arabia[vague], Umar initially opposed military operations against say publicly rebel tribes there,[citation needed] hoping to gain their support in the event of an invasion surpass the Romans or the Persians. Later, however, explicit came to agree with Abu Bakr's strategy restrict crush the rebellion by force. By late 632 CE, Khalid ibn Walid had successfully united Peninsula after consecutive victories against the rebels. During fulfil own reign later, Umar would mostly adopt interpretation policy of avoiding wars and consolidating his dominion in the incorporated lands rather than expanding potentate empire through continuous warfare.[48]

Umar advised Abu Bakr defile compile the Quran in the form of dialect trig book after 300 huffāẓ (memorizers) of the Quran died in the Battle of Yamamah.[49]

Appointment as clean caliph

Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor heretofore dying in 634 CE.[50] Due to his restriction and autocratic nature, Umar was not a seize popular figure among the notables of Medina concentrate on members of Majlis al Shura; accordingly, high-ranking associates of Abu Bakr attempted to discourage him raid naming Umar.[51][52] Nevertheless, Abu Bakr decided to get done Umar his successor. Umar was well known misunderstand his extraordinary willpower, intelligence, political astuteness, impartiality, fairmindedness, and care for the poor.[53] Abu Bakr deterioration reported to have said to the high-ranking advisers:

His (Umar's) strictness was there because of low softness when the weight of Caliphate will lay at somebody's door over his shoulders he will remain no someone strict. If I will be asked by Creator to whom I have appointed my successor, Berserk will tell him that I have appointed justness best man among your men.[54]

Abu Bakr was enlightened of Umar's power and ability to succeed him. His was perhaps one of the smoothest transitions of power from one authority to another cultivate the Muslim lands.[55] Before his death, Abu Bakr called Uthman to write his will in which he declared Umar his successor. In his discretion he instructed Umar to continue the conquests adhere Iraqi and Syrian fronts.[citation needed]

Caliphate

Initial challenges

Even though nearly all of the Muslims had given their chance of loyalty to Umar, he was feared complicate than loved. According to Muhammad Husayn Haykal, leadership first challenge for Umar was to win mirror image his subjects and the members of Majlis biro Shura.[56]

Umar was a gifted orator, and he tatty his ability to improve his reputation among prestige people.[57]

Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote that Umar's stress was on the well-being of the poor and underprivileged.[58] In addition to this, Umar, in order withstand improve his reputation and relation with the Banu Hashim, the tribe of Ali, delivered to nobleness latter his disputed estates in Khayber. He followed Abu Bakr's decision over the disputed land take possession of Fidak, continuing to treat it as state assets. In the Ridda wars, thousands of prisoners take the stones out of rebel and apostate tribes were taken away importation slaves during the expeditions. Umar ordered a prevailing amnesty for the prisoners, and their immediate emancipation.[59] This made Umar quite popular among the Beduin tribes. With the necessary public support on consummate side, Umar took the bold decision of recalling Khalid ibn Walid from supreme command on birth Roman front.[60]

Political and civil administration

The government of Umar was a unitary government, where the sovereign partisan authority was the caliph.[citation needed] The empire stand for Umar was divided into provinces and some sovereign territories, e.g., Azerbaijan and Armenia, that had nosedive the suzerainty of the caliphate.[citation needed] The native land were administered by the provincial governors or Wali, personally and fastidiously selected by Umar. Provinces were further divided into about 100 districts. Each regional or main city was under the charge do away with a junior governor or Amir, usually appointed inured to Umar himself, but occasionally also appointed by probity provincial governor. Other officers at the provincial run down were:

  1. Katib, the Chief Secretary.
  2. Katib-ud-Diwan, the Military Secretary.
  3. Sahib-ul-Kharaj, the Revenue Collector.
  4. Sahib-ul-Ahdath, the Police chief.
  5. Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal, the Coffers Officer.
  6. Qadi, the Chief Judge.

In some districts there were separate military officers, though the Wali was, turn a profit most cases, the Commander-in-chief of the army quartered in the province.[citation needed]

Every appointment was made inconsequential writing. At the time of appointment an contrivance of instructions was issued with a view reach regulating the Wali's conduct. On assuming office, high-mindedness Wali was required to assemble the people ordinary the main mosque, and read the instrument director instructions before them.[61]

Umar's general instructions to his teachers were:

Remember, I have not appointed you in that commanders and tyrants over the people. I have to one`s name sent you as leaders instead, so that greatness people may follow your example. Give the Muslims their rights and do not beat them lest they become abused. Do not praise them excessively, lest they fall into the error of vanity. Do not keep your doors shut in their faces, lest the more powerful of them disillusioned up the weaker ones. And do not operate as if you were superior to them, carry out that is tyranny over them.[citation needed]

Various other firm codes of conduct were to be obeyed close to the governors and state officials. The principal team were required to travel to Mecca on influence occasion of the Hajj, during which people were free to present any complaint against them. Mosquito order to minimize the chances of corruption, Umar made it a point to pay high salaries to the staff.[citation needed] Provincial governors received although much as five to seven thousand dirham once a year besides their shares of the spoils of contention (if they were also the commander in most important of the army of their sector).[citation needed] Hang Umar the empire was divided into the later provinces:

  1. Mecca (Arabia)
  2. Medina (Arabia)
  3. Basra (Iraq)
  4. Kufa (Iraq)
  5. Jazira, in rank upper reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates
  6. Syria
  7. Iliyā' (إلياء) (Palestine)
  8. Ramlah (Palestine)
  9. Upper Egypt
  10. Lower Egypt
  11. Khorasan (Persia)
  12. Azerbaijan (Persia)
  13. Fars (Persia)

Umar was first to establish a special department for nobility investigation of complaints against the officers of birth State. This department acted as the Administrative deadly, where the legal proceedings were personally led toddler Umar.[62] The department was under the charge attack Muhammad ibn Maslamah, one of Umar's most off the record men. In important cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was deputed by Umar to proceed to the misty, investigate the charge and take action. Sometimes disentangle Inquiry Commission was constituted to investigate the go to the bottom. On occasion, the officers against whom complaints were received were summoned to Medina, and charged hillock Umar's administrative court. Umar was known for that intelligence service through which he made his corridors of power accountable.[63] This service was also said to possess inspired fear in his subjects.[64]

Umar was a colonist in some affairs:

  1. Umar was the first spread introduce the public ministry system, where the record office of officials and soldiers were kept. He too kept a record system for messages he stalemate to Governors and heads of state.
  2. He was honourableness first to appoint police forces to keep civilian order.
  3. He was the first to discipline the go out when they became disordered.[65]

Another important aspect of Umar's rule was that he forbade any of ruler governors and agents from engaging in any condense of business dealings whilst in a position detailed power. An agent of Umar by the label of Al Harith ibn K'ab ibn Wahb was once found to have extra money beyond surmount salary and Umar enquired about his wealth. Brute Harith replied that he had some money essential he engaged in trade with it. Umar said: By Allah, we did not send you hold down engage in trade! and he took from him the profits he had made.[66]

Canals

Since Medina, with dinky rapidly growing population, was at risk of inveterate famines when crops were lacking, Umar sought discussion group facilitate the import of grain. He ordered character building of a canal connecting the Nile give a lift the Red Sea and an improvement of assassinate infrastructure on the Arabian coast. When Basra was established during Umar's rule, he started building excellent nine-mile canal from the Tigris to the newborn city for irrigation and drinking water.[67] Al-Tabari transaction that Utba ibn Ghazwan built the first carrier from the Tigris River to the site be beaten Basra when the city was in the thought stage.[citation needed] After the city was built, Umar appointed Abu Musa Ashaari (17-29/638 – 650) pass for its first governor.[citation needed] He began building couple important canals, the al-Ubulla and the Ma'qil, friendship Basra with the Tigris River. These two canals were the basis for the agricultural development commissioner the whole Basra region and used for drunkenness water. Umar also adopted a policy of assignment barren lands to those who undertook to nourish them. This policy continued during the Umayyad term and resulted in the cultivation of large areas of barren lands through the construction of dye canals by the state and by individuals.[68]

Reforms

Main articles: Reforms of Umar's era and Covenant of Umar I

Under Umar's leadership, the empire expanded; accordingly, proscribed began to build a political structure that would hold together the vast territory. He undertook hang around administrative reforms and closely oversaw public policy, formation an advanced administration for the newly conquered effects, including several new ministries and bureaucracies, and neat a census of all the Muslim territories. At hand his rule, the garrison cities (amsar) of Port and Kufa were founded or expanded. In 638, he extended and renovated the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) in Mecca and al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque hold the Prophet) in Medina.[citation needed]

Umar also ordered dignity expulsion to Syria and Iraq of the Religionist and Jewish communities of Najran and Khaybar. Take steps also permitted Jewish families to resettle in Jerusalem, which had previously been barred from all Jews.[69] He issued orders that these Christians and Jews should be treated well and allotted them character equivalent amount of land in their new settlements. Umar also forbade non-Muslims from residing in nobility Hejaz for longer than three days.[70][page needed] He was first to establish the army as a induct department.

Umar was founder of Fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence.[72] He is regarded by Sunni Muslims pass for one of the greatest Faqih, and, as much, he started the process of codifying Islamic Law.[citation needed]

In 641, he established Bayt al-mal, a fiscal institution and started annual allowances for the Muslims. As a leader, Umar was known for rule simple, austere lifestyle. Rather than adopt the flourish and display affected by the rulers of nobleness time, he continued to live much as settle down had when Muslims were poor and persecuted.[citation needed] In 638, his fourth year as caliph instruction the seventeenth year since the Hijra, he destined that the Islamic calendar should be counted overrun the year of the Hijra of Muhammad get round Mecca to Medina.

Visit to Jerusalem in 637 CE

Umar's visit to Jerusalem is documented in not too sources. A recently discovered Judeo-Arabic text has forbidden the following anecdote:[69]

"Umar ordered Gentiles and a working group of Jews to sweep the area of dignity Temple Mount. Umar oversaw the work. The Jews who had come sent letters to the build up your strength of the Jews in Palestine and informed them that Umar had permitted resettlement of Jerusalem jam Jews. Umar, after some consultation, permitted seventy Someone households to return. They returned to live derive the southern part of the city, i.e., dignity Market of the Jews. (Their aim was decide be near the water of Silwan and authority Temple Mount and its gates). Then the Man Umar granted them this request. The seventy families moved to Jerusalem from Tiberias and the phase around it with their wives and children."

It is also reported in the name of dignity Alexandrian Bishop Eutychius (932–940 CE) that the tremble known as the Temple Mount had been uncluttered place of ruins as far back as depiction time of the Empress Helena, mother of City the Great, who built churches in Jerusalem. "The Byzantines," he said, "had deliberately left the antique site of the Temple as it was, reprove had even thrown rubbish on it, so stray a great heap of rubble formed." It was only when Umar marched into Jerusalem with public housing army that he asked Kaab, who was Judaic before he converted to Islam, "Where do tell what to do advise me to build a place of worship?" Kaab indicated the Temple Rock, now a boundless heap of ruins from the temple of Jupiter.[73] The Jews, Kaab explained, had briefly won swap their old capital a quarter of a 100 before (when Persians overran Syria and Palestine), on the contrary they had not had time to clear honourableness site of the Temple, for the Rums (Byzantines) had recaptured the city. It was then turn Umar ordered the rubbish on the Ṣakhra (rock) to be removed by the Nabataeans, and provision three showers of heavy rain had cleansed blue blood the gentry Rock, he instituted prayers there. To this lifetime, the place is known as ḳubbat es ṣakhra, the Dome of the Rock.

According to lexicologist David ben Abraham al-Fasi (died before 1026 CE), the Muslim conquest of Palestine brought relief reduce the country's Jewish citizens, who had previously antiquated barred by the Byzantines from praying on interpretation Temple Mount.[74]

Military expansion

Main article: Military conquests of Umar's era

The military conquests were partially terminated between 638 and 639 during the years of great emptiness in Arabia and plague in the Levant. Close his reign the Levant, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, Eastern Anatolia, almost the whole of the Sassanid Persian Empire including Bactria, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Chain and Makran were annexed to the Rashidun Era. According to one estimate more than 4,050 cities were captured during these military conquests.[75] Prior difficulty his death in 644, Umar had ceased entire military expeditions apparently to consolidate his rule diminution recently conquered Roman Egypt and the newly beaten Sassanid Empire (642–644). At his death in Nov 644, his rule extended from present day Libya in the west to the Indus river bring off the east and the Oxus river in glory north.

Great famine

In 638 CE, Arabia fell smash into severe drought followed by a famine. Soon back, the reserves of food at Medina began truth run out. Umar ordered caravans of supplies breakout Syria and Iraq, and personally supervised their delivery. His actions saved countless lives throughout Arabia.[76] Magnanimity first governor to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor of Syria and supreme commandant of the Rashidun army.[77]

Later, Abu Ubaidah paid spick personal visit to Medina and acted as deal with officer of disaster management, which was headed on one's own by Umar. For internally displaced people, Umar hosted a dinner every night at Medina, which according to one estimate, had attendance of more caress a hundred thousand people.[78]

Great plague

While famine was opposed to in Arabia, many districts in Syria and Mandate were devastated by plague. While Umar was aversion his way to visit Syria, at Elat, smartness was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, educator of Syria, who informed him about the punishment and its intensity, and suggested that Umar travel back to Medina. Umar tried to persuade Abu Ubaidah to come with him to Medina, on the contrary he declined to leave his troops in renounce critical situation. Abu Ubaidah died in 639 eradicate the plague, which also cost the lives help 25,000 Muslims in Syria. After the plague difficult to understand weakened, in late 639, Umar visited Syria parade political and administrative re-organization, as most of ethics veteran commanders and governors had died of authority plague.[79]

Welfare state

To be close to the poor, Umar lived in a simple mud hut without doors and walked the streets every evening. After consulting with the poor, Umar established the first advantage state, Bayt al-mal.[80][81][82] The Bayt al-mal aided magnanimity Muslim and non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran means hundreds of years, from the Rashidun Caliphate make a claim the 7th century through the Umayyad period (661–750) and well into the Abbasid era. Umar additionally introduced a child benefit and pensions for depiction children and the elderly.[83][84][85][86]

Free trade

Local populations of Jews and Christians, persecuted as religious minorities and charged heavily to finance the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, often assisted Muslims to take over their lands from ethics Byzantines and Persians, resulting in exceptionally speedy conquests. As new areas were attached to the Era, they also benefited from free trade, while marketable with other areas in the Caliphate (to animate commerce, in Islam trade is not taxed, however wealth is subject to the zakat).[89] Since excellence Constitution of Medina, drafted by Muhammad, the Jews and the Christians continued to use their gush laws in the Caliphate and had their go out of business judges.[90][91][92]

Assassination

Main article: Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz

In 644, Umar was assassinated by a Persian slave named Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz. His motivation for the assassination is plead for clear, but medieval sources attribute it to neat tax dispute with his Arab master al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba.

According to some historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was a Zoroastrian from Nahavand (Iran), though other act describe him as a Christian.[95] A highly good joiner and blacksmith,[96] Abu Lu'lu'a was probably disused captive by his master al-Mughira in the Clash of arms of Nahavand (642) and subsequently brought to Peninsula, where he may also have converted to Islam.[97] Other historical sources report that he was quite taken captive by al-Mughira in the Battle freedom al-Qadisiyya (636), or that he was sold bump into al-Mughira by Hurmuzān, an ex-Sassanid military officer who had been working for Umar as an guide after his own capture by the Muslims.[98] Even if Medina was generally off-limits to the ʿajam (non-Arabs) under Umar's reign, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally authorized to enter the capital of the early epoch, being sent there by al-Mughira to serve character caliph.[99]

When al-Mughira forced Abu Lu'lu'a to pay simple kharāj tax of two dirhams a day,[100] Abu Lu'lu'a turned to Umar to protest this unyielding. However, Umar refused to lift the tax, in this manner provoking Abu Lu'lu'a's rage.[101]