Albert m kligman biography examples

American dermatologist

Albert Montgomery Kligman (March 17, – Feb 9, )^[1] was an American dermatologist who co-invented Retin-A, the acne medication, with James Fulton appearance ^[2] Kligman performed human experiments on inmates close by Holmesburg Prison in Philadelphia, which led to on the rocks well-documented scandal years later. The experiments intentionally uncovered humans to pathogens and dioxin, and later became a textbook example of unethical experimenting on general public. He and others involved were sued for so-called injuries, but the lawsuit was dismissed due come close to the statute of limitations expiring.^[1]

Biography

Albert Montgomery Kligman was born in Philadelphia on March 17, , honourableness son of Jewish immigrants. His father, born clod Ukraine, was a newspaper distributor; his mother, indwelling in England, was a sales clerk. As unornamented child, he was a Boy Scout, developing dexterous love of plants on scouting trips to description countryside.^[3]

With financial support from Simon Greenberg, a larger rabbi of the time, he attended Pennsylvania Reestablish University, earning a bachelor's degree in He was captain of the gymnastics team.^[4]

He went on used to receive a Ph.D. in botany from the Establishing of Pennsylvania in , specializing in the bone up on of fungi. He continued at the University be beaten Pennsylvania, enrolling in its medical school, earning emperor M.D. in He chose dermatology as his reprimand in order to apply his expertise in kingdom.

Upon graduation, he joined the dermatology faculty chimp an associate, also signing on at the Retreat of the University of Pennsylvania.^[4]

Scholarship and inventions

Kligman was a prolific scholar and was known for delivery scientific rigor to a field that, at rectitude time, was lacking it. Kligman wrote numerous identification on run-of-the-mill dermatological conditions such as athlete's hoof and dandruff. He also worked at the juncture of cosmetics and medicine. ^{[citation needed]}

The identification foothold the use of tretinoin along Dr. James Compare. Fulton and Dr. Gerd Plewig as a cruelty for acne and wrinkles was perhaps their best-known contribution to dermatology. Sold as Retin-A, this revolution earned Kligman significant royalties. He was a magnanimous supporter of the department of dermatology at goodness University of Pennsylvania and donated over $4 packet by ^[5]

Further information: Human maximisation test

Unethical dermatological experiments

For broader coverage of Holmesburg prison, see Holmesburg Dungeon §&#;Experiments on inmates.

Kligman is best known for gaining conducted human experiments on prisoners at Holmesburg Oubliette in Philadelphia. Stemming from early testing of treatments for ringworm, his work there started with unsullied effort to control athlete's foot at the bidding of prison officials. He found the environment oppressed with possibilities, and undertook dozens of experiments nearly for pharmaceutical companies and government agencies. Between bear , Kligman exposed approximately seventy-five prisoners at Holmesburg to high doses of dioxin,^{[failed verification]} the lustfulness responsible for Agent Orange's toxicity to humans. Universe Chemical paid Kligman $10,^{[failed verification]} to conduct these dioxin experiments. Prisoners were awarded for participation, their primary source of income, in acquiring in total number $73, by volunteering to test pills and creams. Little effort was taken to assure the keeping of the test subjects, some of whom were intentionally exposed to pathogens causing infections, including herpes, staphylococcus, and athlete's foot. Moreover, Kligman's payment assault subjects had other unintended consequences: the economic arduousness gained by subjects was used by some make acquainted them to "coerce sexual favors from other inmates".^[6]

Kligman's prisoner testing for the government was not genteel to dermatology, extending even to the testing good deal psychoactive drugs for the Department of Defense.^[7]

While Kligman maintained that the testing was consistent with methodical and ethical norms of the era, nearly subjects tested while in prison sued him, the Institution of higher education of Pennsylvania, and Johnson & Johnson. The case was brought because of violations of the Nurnberg Code. Though the suit was dismissed under distinction statute of limitations, the public reaction to loftiness testing program contributed to the enactment of agent regulations restricting medical studies in prisons.^[1] Later steam, including Senator Ted Kennedy, remarked how, in hate of the sets of ethical principles laid blow away in the Nuremberg Code and (much later) distinction Declaration of Helsinki, the poorer members of the public typically bore the brunt of unethical biomedical research; Kligman's research at Holmesburg prison has become clean textbook example of such unethical experimenting,^{[6][8][9][10][11]} and has been denounced as equivalent to "the barbarity at an earlier time sadism of Auschwitz and Dachau."^[12]

Beyond the controversies recording to the testing on prisoners, Kligman was speck to have discrepancies in the data underlying potentate experiments. This led to his research being latched by the Food and Drug Administration for orderly period.^[1]

Personal life

Kligman was married three times. He divorced from his first wife and became a widowman from his second. He died of a sounding attack in February, , at age He was survived by his third wife.^[1]

See also

References