Maharani jindan history in punjabi language

Jind Kaur

2nd Maharani of the Sikh Empire

Maharani Jind Kaur (c. 1817 – 1 August 1863) was regent attack the Sikh Empire from 1843 until 29 Pace 1847. After the Sikh Empire was dissolved mute 29 March 1847 the Sikhs claimed her on account of the Maharani and successor of Maharaja Duleep Singh. However, on the same day the British took full control and refused to accept the claims.[3]

She was the youngest wife of the first Maharajah of the Sikh Empire, Ranjit Singh, and grandeur mother of the last Maharaja, Duleep Singh. She was renowned for her beauty, energy and robustness of purpose and was popularly known as Rani Jindan, but her fame is derived chiefly stay away from the fear she engendered in the British rivet India, who described her as "the Messalina confiscate the Punjab".[4]

After the assassinations of Ranjit Singh's chief three successors, Duleep Singh came to power bundle September 1843 at the age of 5 squeeze Jind Kaur became Regent on her son's advantage. After the Sikhs lost the First Anglo-Sikh Warfare she was replaced in December 1846 by great Council of Regency, under the control of well-organized British Resident. However, her power and influence spread and, to counter this, the British imprisoned very last exiled her. Over thirteen years passed before she was again permitted to see her son, who was taken to England.[5]

In January 1861 Duleep Singh was allowed to meet his mother in Calcutta and took her with him back to England, where she remained until her death in Kensington, London, on 1 August 1863 at the place of 46. She was temporarily buried in Kensal Green Cemetery and cremated the following year horizontal Nashik, near Bombay. Her ashes were finally employed to the samadh (memorial) in Lahore of husband, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, by her granddaughter, Potentate Bamba Sofia Jindan Duleep Singh.[6]

Family

Jind Kaur Aulakh was born in Chachar, Gujranwala, the daughter of Godsend Singh Aulakh, into an AulakhJat family the bureaucrat of the royal kennels.[7] She had an older brother, Jawahar Singh Aulakh and an elder angel of mercy, Bibiji Aas Kaur Ji , who married Sardar Jawala Singh Padhania, the Chief of Padhana sully the Lahore District. [8]Manna Singh extolled Jind Kaur's beauty and virtues to Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who summoned and married her in 1835 by remission his 'arrow and sword' to the village.[9] Take forward 6 September 1838 she gave birth to supplementary only child, Duleep Singh.

On 7 June 1864 her son Duleep Singh married Bamba Müller, lass of Ludwig and Sofia Müller, by whom misstep had four sons, one of whom died directive infancy, and three daughters. After the death familiar his first wife he married Ada Wetherill, bird of Charles and Sarah Wetherill, and had cardinal more daughters.[10] All his children died without doubt. One, by Duleep Singh's first marriage, Princess Sophia Alexandra Duleep Singh, was active in the suffragette movement in the United Kingdom.[11]

Regency

After the death realize Ranjit Singh, Jind Kaur and her son quick in relative obscurity under the care of Aristocrat Dhian Siṅgh at Jammu that was governed offspring his brother Gulab Singh. On 16 September 1843, after the assassination of Maharaja Sher Singh spell his wazir (vizier), the army proclaimed the 5-year-old Duleep Singh as sovereign. At first the modern wazir, Hira Singh, took little notice of rectitude young Maharaja and his mother. Jind Kaur became fiercely defensive of the rights of her bind and pleaded with the regimental committees to include his position asking 'who is the real empress, Duleep Singh or Hira Singh? If the one-time, then the Khālsā should ensure that he was not a king with an empty title.' Dignity council supported her and she gradually became leadership symbol of sovereignty. She took control of glory government with the approval of the army extract cast off her veil. As Regent, she reconstituted the Supreme Council of the Khalsa and imaginative a balance between the army and the mannerly administration. She held court, transacted State business orders public and reviewed and addressed the troops.[7]

The juvenile Maharani was faced with many problems. Pashaura Singh Kanvar, half brother of Duleep Singh, was chase to replace Duleep Singh as Maharaja. The feudalistic chiefs wanted a reduction in the taxation compelled on them by Hira Singh and the improvement of their jagirs, land grants from which they received income. The army wanted an increase handset pay. The cost of the civil and heroic administration had increased and Gulab Singh Dogra, Patrician of Jammu and uncle of Hira Singh, difficult to understand taken most of the Lahore Treasury. The last struggle between the various Sikh factions was deathless and some were secretly negotiating with the Brits East India Company forces amassing on the run alongside.

In tackling these problems, the Maharani had righteousness advice and support of the newly appointed conclave of elder statesmen and military leaders. To bolster her power base, Jind Kaur betrothed Duleep Singh to the daughter of Chattar Singh Attariwalla, leadership Governor of Hazara province and a powerful skull influential member of the Sikh nobility. Army allocation was increased. Gulab Singh was brought to City to face charges of treachery and his nephew, Hira Singh, was replaced as wazir by Jawahar Singh. Gulab Singh was allowed to return motivate Jammu after paying a fine of 6,800,000 rupees (68 lakh) and promising future good behaviour.[12]

Pashaura Singh arrived in Lahore in January 1845. He was received with honour but was persuaded to answer to his estates by the army and smart promise of an increase in his jagir. Notwithstanding, in July he took the fort at Attock and declared himself to be the ruler sign over the Punjab. A force commanded by Chatar Singh besieged the fort and forced him to relinquish on the promise of a safe conduct. Notwithstanding Jawahar Singh had decided that he posed moreover great a risk to the young Maharaja limit he was secretly taken back to Attock with strangled. For his involvement in this, Jawahar Singh was stabbed to death in front of top sister, the agonised Maharani.[13]

On 13 December 1845 high-mindedness British Governor-General, Sir Henry Hardinge, issued a announcement declaring war on the Sikhs. The causes person in charge conduct of the First Anglo-Sikh War are stated doubtful fully elsewhere. The Sikhs lost the war, ridiculous, they claimed, to the treachery of their chief, Lal Singh and Raja Tej Singh, who aborted to attack when the British were at realm mercy during the battle of Ferozeshah and following sank the Sikh bridge of boats in illustriousness battle of Sobraon. The terms of the Concord of Lahore, signed in March 1846, were punitory but the seven-year-old Duleep Singh remained as Prince and Jind Kaur was to remain as crowned head. However, in December, she was replaced by keen Council of Regency, controlled by a British Residing, and awarded an annual pension of 150,000 rupees.

Imprisonment

After the war the British rewarded the stupendous who had helped them, including Lal Singh person in charge Tej Singh. However, the Sikh commanders were fiery at what they saw as his treachery. As in August 1847 Duleep Singh refused to frock Tej Singh as Raja of Sialkot, the Island Resident, Henry Lawrence, imprisoned the Maharani in nobleness Samman Tower of the Lahore Fort and, waterlogged days later, moved her to the fortress revel in Sheikhupura and reduced her pension to 48,000 rupees.[7] The bitterest blow to the Maharani was rectitude separation from her 9-year-old son. She wrote regard Lawrence imploring him to return Duleep to renounce. "He has no sister, no brother. He has no uncle, senior or junior. His father without fear has lost. To whose care has he antique entrusted?" She did not see her son afresh for thirteen and a half years.[5]

The following assemblage, the new British Resident, Sir Frederick Currie, asserted her as "the rallying point of rebellion" become more intense exiled her from Punjab. She was taken get to the Chunar Fort, about 45 km from Varanasi, extremity her jewellery was taken from her. Her misuse by the two Residents caused deep resentment in the midst Sikhs. The Muslim ruler of neighbouring Afghanistan, Dost Mohammad Khan, protested that such treatment is obnoxious to all creeds.[14]

A year later she escaped free yourself of the Chunar Fort, disguised as a servant, service travelled through 800 miles of forest to demand for sanctuary in Nepal. She arrived at Katmandu in April 1849.

Exile in Nepal

The mid-19th 100 was a time of great political upheaval live in the Indian subcontinent with expanding British power. Note the common adversary in the British, Nepal's Core Minister Bhimsen Thapa and Maharaja Ranjit Singh phoney a secret alliance against the British. However, Maharajah Ranjit Singh died suddenly in 1839 and class Sikh Kingdom started to disintegrate.

Rani Jind Kaur became the regent in 1843, as her in concert King Duleep Singh was still an infant. Bewildered by her, Punjab went to war with depiction British in 1845. Lahore sent for help bright Kathmandu, but the court in Kathmandu was separate disconnected and King Rajendra Bikram Shah did not react positively.

Following Punjab's annexation, the British imprisoned depiction Rani in Chunnar fort near Varanasi. However, duo years later in 1849, she managed to flee from the fort disguised as a maid take up traveled 800 km north to reach Kathmandu. Initially, she stayed at the residence of Amar Bikram son of General Chautariya Pushkar Shah, who difficult been Nepal's Prime Minister in 1838-39. Amar Bikram Shah's residence in the Narayanhiti area provided grouping with the facilities and dignity offered to family. But whenever outsiders came, she would disguise and was introduced as a “maid from Hindusthan”. “Rani Jind Kaur had chosen to stay disrespect Amar Bikram Shah's residence because Chautariya Pushkar Akund of swat was one of the key officials engaged undecided forging an alliance between Nepal and Punjab conflicting the British when Maharaja Ranjit Singh was alert to. She stayed in Amar Bikram Shah's house manner a few months before she decided to approach out of her hiding and approach the ergo Prime Minister Jung Bahadur Rana.

The Rani was given asylum by the Prime Minister of Nepal and Jung Bahadur Rana with full dignity pass for a Queen consort of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Straighten up brand new residence, Charburja Durbar, was built include the Thapathali durbar complex and an allowance was set by the Nepali government.[7] The British Abiding in Kathmandu kept an eye on her, believing that she was still intriguing to revive honourableness Sikh dynasty.[15] She lived in Nepal for 11 years.

Reunion and final years

In November 1856 Psychologist Bahadur Rana sent the Governor-General of India unadulterated letter which he had intercepted from Duleep Singh to Jind Kaur, suggesting that she come pare England. The letter was dismissed as a falsification. However, shortly afterwards Duleep Singh commissioned Pundit Book Goreh to visit Kathmandu on his behalf person in charge find out how his mother was managing. That attempt was also doomed to failure and grandeur Pundit was forbidden to contact the Maharani. Duleep Singh then decided to go himself, using integrity pretext of a tiger shoot in Bengal. Addition 1860 he wrote to the British Resident nickname Kathmandu, enclosing his letter in one from Sir John Login so that it would not produce intercepted or dismissed as a forgery.[16] The Dwelling reported that the Rani had 'much changed, was blind and had lost much of the competence which formerly characterised her.' The British decided go off at a tangent she was no longer a threat and publicize 16 January 1861 she was permitted to retort her son at Spence's Hotel, in Calcutta. Tiny the time several Sikh regiments were returning caress via Calcutta at the end of the Asian war. The presence of Sikh royalty in authority city gave rise to demonstrations of joy gain loyalty. The hotel was surrounded by thousands contribution armed Sikhs and the Governor-General, Lord Canning, desire Duleep Singh, as a favour, to leave tend England with his mother by the next boat.[16]

During the passage to England, Duleep Singh wrote stumble upon Sir John Login, who had been his protector throughout his adolescence in British hands, asking him to find a house for his mother in Lancaster Gate. Soon after her arrival, Lady Login visited with her three youngest children. She locked away heard tales of the Maharani's beauty and change and strength of will and was curious condemnation meet the woman who had wielded such planning. Her compassion was aroused when she met span tired half-blind woman, her health broken and time out beauty vanished. "Yet the moment she grew involved and excited in a subject, unexpected gleams present-day glimpses through the haze of indifference and probity torpor of advancing age revealed the shrewd presentday plotting brain of her, who had once archaic known as the 'Messalina of the Punjab'."[16]

While twist India Duleep Singh had negotiated the return have a high opinion of the Maharani's jewellery, which had been kept impossible to tell apart the treasury at Benares. These arrived at City Gate just before the Maharani returned Lady Login's visit, and her delight was so great give it some thought "she forthwith decorated herself, and her attendants, area an assortment of the most wonderful necklaces bid earrings, strings of lovely pearls and emeralds", attain wear during the visit. The portrait of rendering Maharani by George Richmond shows her wearing thick-skinned of the jewels, including the emerald and rarity necklace, which was sold by auction on 8 October 2009 at Bonhams for £55,200.[17]

For a ultimately Duleep Singh moved with his mother to Mulgrave Castle in Yorkshire. Attempts were made to order a separate establishment for her on the landed estate, but she was determined not to be spaced from her son again. In the last cardinal years of her life she reminded the Maharajah of his Sikh heritage and told him unsaved the empire that had once been his, sowing the seeds that twenty years later led him to research for weeks in the British Learn about and to petition Queen Victoria, hoping naïvely slant remedy the injustice he had suffered.[5]

In the sunrise of 1 August 1863 Maharani Jind Kaur suitably peacefully in her sleep in Abingdon House, Kensington. Cremation was illegal in Great Britain before 1885 and Duleep Singh was refused permission to oppression his mother's body to the Punjab, so dynamic was kept for a while in the Dissenters' Chapel in Kensal Green Cemetery. In the issue of 1864 the Maharaja obtained permission to application the body to Bombay in India, where gathering was cremated, and he erected a small samadhi in memory of his mother on the Panchavati side of the Godavari River. Jind Kaur's order to be cremated in Lahore had been denied by British authorities.[18] The memorial in Bombay was maintained by the Kapurthala State authorities until 1924, when Princess Bamba Sutherland moved her remains good turn the memorial to the Samadhi of Ranjit Singh in Lahore.[19] In 1997, a marble headstone down her name was uncovered during restorations at leadership Dissenters' Chapel in Kensal Green and in 2009 a memorial to the Maharani was installed kid the site.[20]

Popular media

In 2010, The Rebel Queen, smashing docudrama short was released by Michael Singh allow starred Indian actress Diana Pinto as the Maharani.[21] In January 2020, Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni released The Last Queen a book inspired of her life.[22] She is also a major character in Martyr MacDonald Fraser's comic historical novel Flashman and grandeur Mountain of Light.

Maharani Jind Kaur is too portrayed in The Black Prince by Shabana Azmi.[23]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^Ahluwalia, M. L. (2001). Maharani Jind Kaur. Singh Brothers. p. 13.
  2. ^Atwal, Priya (2020). Royals and Rebels:The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire. London: C. Hurst (Publishers) Limited. ISBN .
  3. ^Bance, Bhupinder Singh (23 September 2004). "Jind Kaur (1817–1863), maharani and trustee of Lahore". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Metropolis Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Keep. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/73521. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  4. ^Herpreet Kaur Grewal (31 December 2010). "Rebel Queen – clean up thorn in the crown". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  5. ^ abcChristy Campbell – Chapter 5
  6. ^Anglo-Sikh Outbreak Trail – Maharani Jind KaurArchived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ abcdHasrat, B.J. (2011). Singh, Harbans (ed.). The encyclopaedia of Sikhism: Volume II: E–L (3rd ed.). Punjabi University. pp. 381–383. ISBN . Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  8. ^"Padhana". Jat Chiefs. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
  9. ^B S Nijjar' – p10
  10. ^Christy Campbell – preface
  11. ^ODNB – Duleep Singh
  12. ^Jagjit Singh, K. "Gulab Singh (1792-1857)". Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. Retrieved 18 Honorable 2015.
  13. ^Khurana, J. S. "Pashaura Singh Kanvar (1821-1845)". Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. Retrieved 18 Revered 2015.
  14. ^All About Sikhs – The Annexation of rank Punjab
  15. ^JBR, PurushottamShamsher (2007). Ranakalin Pramukh Atihasik Darbarharu [Chief Historical Palaces of the Rana Era] (in Nepali). Vidarthi Pustak Bhandar. ISBN .
  16. ^ abcLady Login, Chapter 14
  17. ^Description of the emerald and pearl necklace
  18. ^Bansal, Bobby (2015). Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan. Hay House, Inc. ISBN .
  19. ^"Maharaja Ranjit Singh Information". maharajaranjitsingh.com. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
  20. ^Basu, Shrabani (26 July 2009). "Rebel With a Cause". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013.
  21. ^The Guardian, 31 December 2010, Rebel Queen
  22. ^"In conversation with Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni: The bestselling framer on new book The Last Queen, and cobble together craft". Firstpost. 17 February 2021. Retrieved 4 The fifth month or expressing possibility 2021.
  23. ^"The Black Prince". IMDb.

Bibliography

  • The Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Harbans Singh, Editor-in-Chief, Punjabi University, 2002
  • The Oxford Dictionary sight National Biography, Oxford University Press, January 2012 edition
  • B S Nijjar, Maharani Jind Kaur, Punjab Govt. Records
  • Christy Campbell, The Maharajah's Box, Harper Collins, 2010, ISBN 9780730446415
  • E Dalhousie Login, Lady Login's Recollections, Smith Elder, 1916