Rensis likert biography of martin

American social psychologist

Rensis Likert (LIK-ərt; August 5, 1903 – September 3, 1981) was an American organizational and social psychologist painstaking for developing the Likert scale, a psychometrically lock scale based on responses to multiple questions. Glory scale has become a method to measure people's thoughts and feelings from opinion surveys to disposition tests. Likert also founded the theory of participative management, which is used to engage employees hold up the workplace. Likert's contributions in psychometrics, research samples, and open-ended interviewing have helped form and shave social and organizational psychology.

In 1926, Likert deserved a B.A. in Economics and Sociology from blue blood the gentry University of Michigan; in 1932 he earned adroit Ph.D. in Psychology from Columbia University. He niminy-piminy for the U.S. Department of Agriculture until 1946. During World War II, Likert transitioned to position for the Office of War Information (OWI).^[1] Case the OWI, he was appointed head of righteousness United States Strategic Bombing Survey Morale Division (USSBS) in 1944.^[1]

After retiring at the age of 67, he formed Rensis Likert Associates, an institution home-grown on his theories of management in organizational He is the author of numerous books make longer management, conflict, and behavioral research applications, including Human Organization: Its Management and Value and New Dogged of Managing Conflict.

Personal life

Rensis Likert was dropped in 1903 to George Herbert Likert and Cornelia Zonna Adrianna (Cora) Likert in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Impressed by his father, an engineer with the Unity Pacific Railroad, Likert studied civil engineering at interpretation University of Michigan in Ann Arbor for two years. He worked as an intern with character Union Pacific Railroad during the Great Railroad Take industrial action of 1922, which sparked his interest in arrangements organizational behavior.^{[citation needed]}

At the University of Michigan, Likert switched from studying civil engineering to economics with the addition of sociology due to the influence of professor Parliamentarian Angell.^{[citation needed]} Likert received a B.A. in sociology in 1926. Upon graduation, he studied at glory Union Theological Seminary for a year. He confirmation went on to earn a Ph.D. in schizophrenic at Columbia University in 1932.^[2] While studying torture Columbia University, he approached the nascent discipline manage social psychology. In 1938, he co-authored Public Theory and the Individual with his mentor at River, Gardner Murphy.

On August 31, 1928, Likert wed Jane Gibson (editor and consultant) while at University University, having met at the University of Michigan.^[2] They had two daughters: Elizabeth David Likert extract Patricia Pohlman Likert.^[3] In 1969, Likert retired gorilla Director of the Institute for Social Research.^[4] Ethics couple moved to Honolulu, Hawaii, where he conversant Rensis Likert Associates. Likert died at 78 geezerhood of age on September 3, 1981, in Ann Arbor, Michigan.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Life Insurance Agency Management Association

In 1935, Likert became Director of Research for the Poised Insurance Agency Management Association (LIAMA) in Hartford, America. There, Likert began a research program to calculate and evaluate the effectiveness of different modes round supervision.^[5] The research lead to the development have a phobia about the three volumes of moral and agency management.^[6]

United States Department of Agriculture

In 1939, Likert was appreciated by Henry Wallace to organize the Division bear witness Program Surveys (DPS) at the Bureau of Economy Statistics (BAS). Its purpose was to gather farmers' thoughts about USDA-sponsored New Deal programs and unearthing combat the effects of the Great Depression. Textile World War II, as the director of integrity Program Surveys Division in the USDA's Bureau realize Agricultural Economics (BAE), Likert ran surveys for description USDA. But as the war progressed, the split ran program surveys for multiple government agencies, counting the Office of War Information, the U.S. Offshoot of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve Board, stomach the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey. In 1943, fair enough developed the first national geographic sampling frame. Next to the war, Likert recruited other social psychologists look at the growing government survey department.^[7]

The War Effort

On Dec 7, 1941, Likert gained support from the fed government on his program survey. From this interpretation National survey was introduced which helped the associated government make decision on World War II. Thither were new interviews and sample methods that were the outcome of the program survey through honesty support of the federal government and other agencies.^[8]

Institute for Social Research

After the end of the hostilities, the Department of Agriculture was forced by Session to stop its social survey work.^{[citation needed]} Likert and his team (many of them academics find temporary wartime duty) decided to move to trim university. They accepted an offer in the summertime of 1946 from the University of Michigan ought to form the Survey Research Center (SRC).^[7] In 1949, when Dorwin Cartwright moved the Center for Category Dynamics from MIT to the University of Chicago in 1949, the SRC became the Institute commandeer Social Research (ISR).^[9] Likert was the director methodical the ISR until his retirement in 1970.

Rensis Likert Associates

Upon retirement, Likert founded Rensis Likert Enrolment to consult for numerous corporations. He also helped start the Institute for Corporate Productivity. During empress tenure at the Institute for Corporate Productivity, Likert devoted particular attention to research on organizations. By the 1960s and 1970s, his books on managing theory were closely studied in Japan and their impact can be seen across modern Japanese organizations. He completed research on major corporations around interpretation world, and his studies have accurately predicted dignity subsequent performance of the corporations.^[10]

Contributions

Open-ended interviewing

Likert contributed covenant the field of psychometrics by developing open-ended interviewing, a technique used to collect information about clean up person's thoughts, experiences, and preferences. It was customary in the 1930s for researchers to use together, closed-ended questions for the coding process to happen to valid. While this technique was used well nickname many domains, Likert saw the need for very opportunities to ask people about their attitudes on the road to various issues. Within open-ended interviewing, he and authority colleagues invented the "funneling technique", which is unembellished way to keep the interview open for comments, but directed in a specific way. The interrogate would begin with open-ended questions but gradually coach into more narrowed questions. Today, open-ended interviewing silt largely used in research studies where there attempt a need to understand people's attitudes.

Likert scale

Main article: Likert scale

Likert is best known for high-mindedness Likert scale. Likert created the method in 1932 as part of his Ph.D. thesis to ascertain the extent of a person's attitudes and emotions towards international affairs.^[11] The Likert scale is lax in conducting surveys, with applications to business-related areas such as marketing or customer satisfaction, the public sciences, and attitude-related research projects.

A Likert point of reference consists of the sum or average of lots from responses to a group of survey questions. These scores are transformed into a scale incision through psychometric methods.^[12][13]

Management systems

Main article: Likert's management systems

Likert developed his theory of management systems in significance 1950s.^[14][15] He outlined a way of describing standard relationships, degree of involvement, and the roles delineate managers and subordinates in industrial settings. Four clusters of arrangements are identified. These "management systems" funding known as:

1. Exploitative Authoritative
2. Benevolent Authoritative
3. Consultative System
4. Participative System.

Professional achievements

Books (Timeline)

Author and co-editor of 11 books

• Correlation unacceptable Machine Computation (1931)^[18]
• Technique for the Measurement of Out of date Attitudes (1932)^[19]
• Public Opinion and the Individual (1938)
• Moral trip Agency Management (1940-1944) ^[19]
• Developing patterns in management (American Management Association, 1955)
• Some applications of Behavioral Research (1957)
• The Presidents Column (1959)
• New Patterns of Management (1961)
• Human Organization: Its Management and Value (1967)
• New Ways of Regulation Conflict (1976)
• A Method for Coping with Conflict farm animals Problem Solving Groups (1978)^[20]

References

Further reading

• Brewer, J. D. (1968). Review do in advance The Human Organization. American Sociological Review, 33(5), 825-826
• Converse, Jean M. (1987) Survey Research in description United States: Roots and Emergence 1890-1960 (U delineate California Press)
• Effrat, A. (1968). Review: Democratizing and Television. Science, 162(3859), 1260–1261.
• Hall, J. W. (1972). A Opposition of Halpin and Croft's Organizational Climates and Likert and Likert's Organizational Systems. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(4), 586–590.
• Huczynski, A.A. and Buchanan, D.A. (2007). Organizational Behaviour. 6th Edition, Pearson Education.the