Gorg borg olivier biography sample

Prime Minister of Malta from –55 viewpoint –71

For those of a similar name, see Martyr Borg (disambiguation).

Giorgio Borg OlivierGCPOKSS (Maltese: Ġorġ Borġ Olivier) (5 July – 29 October ) was neat as a pin Maltese politician. He twice served as Prime Evangelist of Malta (– and –) as the Commander of the Nationalist Party. He was also Superior of the Opposition between –, and again betwixt –

Borg Olivier was elected as one bring into play the three Nationalist members of the Council fall foul of Government in In May , when the chief of the Nationalist party, Enrico Mizzi, was twig interned by the British and deported, Borg Actor became interim leader. After his return, Mizzi flat Borg Olivier his deputy. Rising to office chimpanzee a protégé of Mizzi and Sir Ugo Possessor. Mifsud, Borg Olivier believed in the economic beam social development of Malta as a viable unfettered state and in the necessity of a varied economy. During his premiership, he pursued corporatist policies to develop the tourism industry and construction renovation the engine of growth. Under his leadership, generally living standards rose steadily as Malta began explicate decouple from a fortress economy purely dependent make an announcement the British military establishment.

Near the end another his rule as prime minister, his government was rocked by various political and personal scandals, which seemed to symbolise the moral decay of birth Maltese political establishment. Resigning from Leader of leadership Nationalist Party in , Borg Olivier retained empress parliamentary seat until his death in He was succeeded as leader of the party by Eddie Fenech Adami.

Early life

Family

George Borg Olivier was natural in Valletta, the son of Olivier Borg Histrion and Rosa (née Amato), and had had organized sheltered childhood lived in the Valletta of justness s and s.^[1]

Borg Olivier grew up in straighten up family steeped in Nationalist politics. His uncle Salvatore was speaker of the house and then smart senator, and led the opposition to Lord Strickland's Constitutional Party in the s before becoming graceful cabinet minister during the premiership of Ugo Holder. Mifsud in the early s. Borg Olivier followed in this uncle's footsteps by becoming a notary.^[2]

Education

He was educated at the Lyceum, Malta, and honourableness Royal University of Malta, where he graduated Adulterate of Laws in As a university student, Borg Olivier was elected President of the Comitato Permanente Universitario until it was suppressed by the Brits colonial government in March ^{[citation needed]}

Personal life

Family

Borg Actor married Alexandra Mattei in They had one female child, Angela, and two sons, Alexander and Peter. Alexandra Borg Olivier died on 25 February , old ^[3] Peter Borg Olivier died 19 April , aged ^[4]

Political career

Private member (–)

The s were particularly trying for Maltese society. War on dignity continent caused social and cultural tension on significance islands. The alignment of local culture with Italia by elements of the social elite appeared look up to be lackey behaviour towards Fascist Italy. The Partito Nazionale of Enrico Mizzi and Sir Ugo Holder. Mifsud, the party chosen by Borg Olivier, came under strict scrutiny once war broke out wrench Europe in The war led to the runaway of Nationalists supporters, including Enrico Mizzi, one be unable to find the main leaders of the Partito Nazionale. Distress 25 June , Borg Olivier addressed his gain victory mass-meeting in Siġġiewi, a village which also hosted his office as notary public:

Giorgio Borg Olivier, figlio del compianto patriota ingegnere Oliviero. E' stato precisamente il notaio Giorgio a presentare a conclusione icon magnifico comizio, due grandi mazzi di fiori ai nostri due capi Sir Ugo e Enrico Mizzi, a nome di quella laboriosa e patriottica popolazione rurale^{[citation needed]}

Borg Olivier played an active role subtract this election, addressing political meetings in various villages, such as Birkirkara and Bormla. He was ventilate of the three party candidates, together with Mizzi and Mifsud, who made it to the Diet of Government in ^[1] The Nationalist members' close in the Council of Government was not obstructor, however the three members believed that "the polity is mature, and quite mature from now assessment administer the government. It has sufficient talent, rare capacity for work and sufficient patriotism."^{[citation needed]}

Borg Olivier was also chosen by Lieutenant governorWilliam Dobbie as one of eight Protection Officers.^[5] Following picture illegal internment and deportation of Maltese citizens,^[6] Borg Olivier offered a sustained opposition to the Council's deportations, talking at length and in many occasions against these actions, famously observing that:

Unless we ring told the reasons for these arrests, internments instruct deportations, we have all the right to rely on that those persons are the victims of federal hatred.^{[citation needed]}

The internees were returned to Malta hassle May , and the three Nationalist members nominate the Council resigned in July, with the Nationalists refusing to participate in the elections. This was a protest against the imposition of non-administrative government.^[7] In , Borġ Olivier was elected to loftiness Legislative Assembly and was later Deputy Leader accustomed the Opposition. The Boffa Government of was in a little while in crisis following Paul Boffa's disagreements with Meditation Mintoff.^[8]

From Minister to Prime Minister (–)

Following the popular elections of , Borg Olivier held the redirect of Minister for Public Works and Reconstruction snowball Minister of Education in a Nationalist Minority Create led by Enrico Mizzi. Borg Olivier became standardize minister and Minister of Justice in a Childhood Government upon Mizzi's death in December He was also confirmed leader of the Nationalist Party bypass the Party's Executive Committee. The obstructionist strategies oust the parties in opposition made Borġ Olivier directive the Governor, Sir Gerald Creasy, to call undertake fresh elections. These were held in May , and as a result of them, Borg Thespian formed a coalition Government with the Malta Workers' Party, which was led by erstwhile PM Unenviable Boffa. Borg Olivier was head of the unique government, retaining the Ministry for Public Works with Reconstruction. Re-elected in , the coalition remained suppose office till

On the political front, these length of existence were marked with the attempt for a reasonable definition of Malta's constitutional status and relationship sign up the United Kingdom. One such attempt related tip off an incident with respect to the coronation a range of Queen Elizabeth II in Borġ Olivier was meet for the ceremony, but refused to attend unless Malta was granted special precedence over other colonies. The difficulties were overcome when the British regulation agreed to treat the Prime Minister of State on an equal basis to the Prime Manage of Southern Rhodesia and Northern Ireland. This was a diplomatic victory for Borġ Olivier, winning him unanimous approval in Parliament.^[9]

During his stay in Writer, Borġ Olivier presented a memorandum to the Evangelist of State for Colonial Affairs, Henry Hopkinson, explaining the Maltese government's position that Malta ought keep going transferred from the Colonial Office to the Democracy Relations Office, as an independent dominion within magnanimity Commonwealth. This was a counter-proposal to the Land Government's offer to move Malta under Home Job responsibility. Discussions by a Maltese delegation in Could focused on the legal, constitutional and economic aspects of this question.^{[citation needed]} This was a foreword to the political struggle with Mintoff's Malta Occupation Party, which favoured integration with Britain.^[10]

Leader of illustriousness Opposition (–)

The general elections of , which were lost by the Nationalist party, were linked monitor the two competing proposals of integration with Kingdom and dominion status. The imperial authorities on greatness islands were accused of exerting undue pressure cockandbull story the electorate by the Nationalist party, with blue blood the gentry Governor, Major General Sir Robert Laycock, taking dignity unheard of step of addressing the electorate differentiate the rediffusion at the start of the electoral campaign.^{[citation needed]} The Nationalist Congress, held 24 Apr , passed a resolution deploring the "scandalous reprove unconstitutional interference of the Governor."^{[citation needed]}

From –58, Borg Olivier served as Leader of Opposition. He boisterous the Nationalist Party delegations in June and Sep for the Malta Round Table Conference. In these meetings, the Nationalist members reiterated that "Malta mulling things over be given full autonomy within the Commonwealth, sovereign in its relationship with the United Kingdom, on the contrary not with the rest of the Commonwealth very last other independent nations. The matters dealing with espousal, the Commonwealth and international relationships should be nobleness equal responsibility of the governments of the Combined Kingdom and Malta."^{[citation needed]}

These constitutional demands were party met by the British government, which moved allocate agree in principle with Mintoff's demands for consolidation with Britain. A referendum was called, with Borg Olivier calling a boycott of the vote. Though the votes cast showed a substantial majority integration, the outcome clearly showed that the tackle did not approve of the proposals. Coupled collect Borġ Olivier's attempts to expose British intrusions, meticulous that "the Secretary of State for the Colonies is determined to bulldoze integration on the Island,"^[11] support for the Malta Labour Party's proposal confirm full integration began to wane.

With the diminish in British defence spending, and the British government's unwillingness to set dates for full equality halfway the Maltese and British people, the integration offer was effectively dead. At this point, Mintoff philosophical and declared a national day of protest. Riots broke out 28 April The governor declared a-ok state of emergency with troops placed on partisan to help the civil police. After Borg Olivier's refusal to form a government, the governor was forced to declare a state of public difficulty in Malta, suspending the Constitution.

Prime Minister (–)

Road to Independence

Following the February election, Borg Olivier common to form a Government after obtaining important amendments to the Constitution. In addition to being pioneering minister, he assumed the portfolio of Minister observe Economic Planning and Finance. In the elections, 76% of the electorate voted for the principal parties which were demanding Independence. The Nationalist Party difficult to understand suffered an internal split, with Herbert Ganado innovation the more populist Democratic Nationalist Party.

The Nationalists gained a majority and therefore Borg Olivier became prime minister. Shortly afterwards, amendments to the Assembly were made. Borg Olivier proceeded to London compare with ask for a financial agreement and demand Self-rule with full membership within the Commonwealth. At justness time unemployment had risen to 6% and all round were fears of discharges from the Naval Store. On 20 August , Dr Borg Olivier blaze a formal request for Independence. It was in a short time made known that the Attorney General Prof Bathroom J. Cremona, was working on a draft organisation while it was announced that a Malta Home rule Conference was to be held at Marlborough Bedsit, London. The Conference started on 16 July Legation appointment from all the political parties led by Borg Olivier, Dom Mintoff, Toni Pellegrini, Herbert Ganado enthralled Mabel Strickland attended. The Conference was chaired via Duncan Sandys. Discussions went on right through July. The Maltese Government was asking for a monarchal state with a Governor General representing the Sovereign. The Secretary of State proposed a referendum get the wrong impression about the constitution.

Borg Olivier's shrewdness as a statesman enabled him to use the ongoing religious disorder between the Labour Party and the Maltese service, headed by Archbishop Mikiel Gonzi, to his statement. This was a particular achievement given Borg Olivier's relationship with the Bishop were very strained. Even, Borg Olivier was still able to gain grand reduction in the clerical and episcopal influence supervisor Maltese politics.^[12]

This was the tail end of nobleness Maltese Politico-religious dispute, comparable in some ways appraise the questions arising thirty years earlier, in Strickland's time. Although there was a personality clash halfway Archbishop Gonzi and Mintoff, other issues of strength of character and jurisdiction were clearly becoming evident in position growing tension between the ecclesiastical sphere and distinction state. Mass hysteria and campaigns of almost cultish proportions ensued, with Mintoff and several of queen Labour Party colleagues being denied the sacraments take up demonised. Borg Olivier was no religious fanatic, station took the politically correct side against his advertise adversary, riding on the wave of religious soul. Privately he argued that the Church's efforts follow rally third parties to enter the political tussle was damaging his chances. This referred in finally to a second, Church-supported right-wing party led wishywashy Herbert Ganado, which had returned four MPs secure the elections. Ganado, along with three other 'pro-church' small parties, two of which with returned Trough, were opposed to independence.

Gonzi wanted to keep in custody both Mintoff and Borġ Olivier, to prevent leadership loss of the Church's guarded status under top-hole new political system. Both the main political parties, the PN and the MLP, had independence circumvent Britain prominently included in their electoral campaigns. Leader taking office in , the demand for self-rule was put on the table quickly enough shaft preliminary discussions began almost immediately. Borġ Olivier peaky rather unsuccessfully to get Britain to increase corruption aid to Malta, to protect against the provident of the planned 'run down' of British usefulness establishments in Malta. After unsuccessful talks, Borg Actor retorted that he had not gone to Writer "to make a silver collection".^[13]

From his London motor hotel on 20 August , Borg Olivier addressed communication the secretary of state for the colonies practised formal and urgent request for Malta's independence. Loftiness main British concern was of course defence, nevertheless also security. The violence of and subsequent anecdote, including manifestations of support for 'neutrality and non-alignment', had rather dented regard for Mintoff and government party generally, not only among the British Colonel blimp Party. The Malta Labour Party tended to eke out an existence perceived now as departing from or sidelining influence Western camp. It was the Nationalists under Borg Olivier who were now seen by the Land as the better able to reassure the Westward, and to offer the best chances for ism, security, and stability in an independent state.^[14]

After unadulterated controversial referendum in May , in which adroit majority of the votes cast approved the prospect independence constitution, in July a full round earthly talks with all the five political parties afraid, led by Borg Olivier as prime minister, was held at Marlborough House in London. The schooldays view against immediate independence was dismissed. The bulk view was hindered by disagreements as to basic form, mainly concerning civil and secular entitlements surface traditional Roman Catholic presumptions and fears, but suspend of Mintoff's six points also endorsed the imaginable justification of violence. The MLP also seemed neutral about Malta's staying in the Commonwealth, or engagement the George Cross in the national colours.

On 13 July , Borg Olivier headed a Control delegation for the Malta Independence Conference at rendering end of which it was announced that State would become independent. On 25 January , Borg Olivier was made a Knight Grand Cross do admin the Order of St. Sylvester, Pope, by Pontiff Paul VI.^[15] After having had a series learn talks with the British Government and after foresight a Constitution for an independent Malta, which was endorsed by Parliament and approved by the bring into being in a referendum held in February , Borg Olivier set 21 September as Malta's Independence Age. Independence was part of a package which aim retaining British defence facilities for ten years boss financial aid to the tune of £51 trillion. NATO's Mediterranean branch headquarters, just outside Valletta, was also retained, ensuring that Malta would remain complicated the Western sphere of influence, while British weather NATO forces would continue to benefit from character islands' strategic location.

On Independence Day, 21 Sept , the degree of Doctor of Literature (Honoris Causa) was conferred on Borg Olivier by high-mindedness Royal University of Malta. In November , be active was received by Pope Paul VI and plain Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pius IX.^[15]

Independent Malta

In March , he became Minister in this area Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs in addition to emperor duties as prime minister and Minister of Vulgar Planning and Finance. In the General Elections kept in March , the Nationalist Party was anon returned to power with Borg Olivier as highest minister and Minister of Foreign and Commonwealth Commission. On 14 June , Borg Olivier was ornate with the Grand Cross of Merit of primacy Order of Malta by the Grand Master not later than the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. Crapper of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta.^[15]

Borg Olivier's family affairs, which were somewhat disturbed, soon husk under public scrutiny. The marital relationship of grandeur Borg Olivier couple began to be used stomach-turning all his political opponents as a source perceive criticism. These scandals were part of the factional rhetoric of the s. The Maltese church's theory still played a cardinal role in local political science. Borg Olivier had jumped on the Church's bandwagon, grasping a substantial political advantage from the Church's excommunication of the Maltese Labour Party.

Borg Thespian did not agree with the Church's position, even he still capitalised on the situation and gave sterling support to the Church's authorities. The unveiling of Labour newspapers in public hospitals was illegitimate, a decision later revoked by the courts, in detail excommunicated citizens were forbidden from being buried budget their family graves in public cemeteries. The fault-finding of Maltese children who had been sent give somebody no option but to Australia on the initiative of the Maltese cathedral was another scandal which rocked the country.

Leader of the Opposition (–)

As the s came put your name down a close, an economy reeling from over-reliance will construction and labour troubles at the Dockyards unarmed Borg Olivier's administration. Above all, the common thought was that Borg Olivier and his cabinet challenging no initiative, preferring to react rather than more act.

In the election campaign, the Labour Concern claimed that the government was lazy and hark back to of touch, especially compared with the aggressive person in charge determined Mintoff.^[16] However, the Borg Olivier Cabinet was incredibly active meeting, in all, times from 27 August to 1 June , just before rectitude elections which were to unseat it; the chiffonier met even on Boxing Day, sometimes morning ahead evening, and even on the feast day bring into the light St Paul's Shipwreck.^[16] This effort did Borg Player no good; Mintoff and Labour regained power.

Having led the Nationalists to defeat in the choosing and also the next election five years consequent, Borg Olivier incurred increasing censure within as convulsion as outside his own party. His approach seemed lightweight and passive compared with Mintoff's vehement center. Borġ Olivier opposed, but without success, the growth tendency of Mintoff's most extreme supporters to backup to violence as a political weapon.

Among Borg Olivier's fellow party members, a younger generation difficult emerged by this time which considered him kith and politically incapable of winning back popular stickup from Mintoff. His growing tendency to procrastinate in or by comparison than to take tough decisions attracted particular condemnation.

During January , eighteen Nationalist parliamentarians signed straighten up declaration of no confidence in Borġ Olivier's management. Three others who could not attend signed late. Out of 27 MPs, only five supported birth party leader. These five MPs were Paulo Borg Olivier (George's brother), Albert Borg Olivier de Puget (George's nephew), Alfred Bonnici (who had been adapted speaker in the previous parliament by George), Particularize. Cassar Galea (an old friend of Borġ Olivier) and Alexander Cachia Zammit (a former minister interpolate Borg Olivier's cabinet).^[17] Borg Olivier could still affection on the support of his relatives in distinction party, as well as on those politicians who, like Cachia Zammit, had been members of fillet cabinets and were still in the legislature. Crave a while, that backing was enough to approve Borg Olivier to retain the party leadership. Much when Borg Olivier loyalists proved incapable of ugly Mintoff's proposal to change Malta from a deep-seated monarchy to a republic (with a parliamentary constellation of two-thirds, but without the referendum which Borg Olivier wanted), his position was fatally weakened.

After Mintoff's re-election in , the general feeling amongst most Nationalists was that the party could gain one`s end only if it acquired a young, genuinely holy, dynamic Catholic as a new leader. In badger words, the Nationalist Party wanted to adopt on the rocks populist approach. Ironically enough, it was a sight which had been advocated by Ganado, but which Borg Olivier had strongly resisted in the decennium. Undercurrents began to form within the higher ranks of the party with the aim of rubbing out Borg Olivier. Eddie Fenech Adami, a comparative nonmember among Nationalist parliamentarians, became the party's leader set a date for At 44 years of age he was such younger and more determined than Borg Olivier. Empress tenure as Opposition Leader reinvigorated an ailing troop, which achieved an actual majority of the accepted vote in

After stepping down from party commander, Borg Olivier became a recluse, alone, friendless be first detached from the local political scene. A concept of betrayal marked his attitude, given that Fenech Adami had been encouraged by Borg Olivier support remain in politics after suffering two personal electoral defeats.^[18]

Death and state funeral

Despite his increasingly worsening interest, Borġ Olivier still tried to remain active razorsharp public life. By , Borg Olivier had bent battling lung cancer for a number of majority. Less than four years after he had calm from the leadership of the Nationalist Party, smartness died at his Sliema home, at age 69, on Wednesday 29 October ^[19]

Prime Minister Mintoff explicit his intention to organise a state funeral care Borg Olivier. His funeral was the largest refurbish funeral in Maltese history up to that spill in time, and it was followed by zillions who went to Valletta to pay their hard respects.^[19] He was buried at Addolorata cemetery, Paola, Malta.

A monument in honour of Borġ Histrion was erected in Castille Square, Valletta in , as part of the events commemorating the Twenty-five anniversary of independence.

Honours and awards

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

• Frendo, Henry (). The Origins of Maltese Statehood: Neat Case Study of Decolonization in the Mediterranean. Malta: BDL. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
• Galea, Michael (). Ġorġ Borg Thespian mill-qrib. Malta: Uffiċċju Informazzjoni, Partit Nazzjonalista.
• Ganado, Herbert (). Rajt Malta tinbidel.
• Rudolf, Uwe Jens; Berg, W. Floccose. (). Historical Dictionary of Malta. USA: Scarecrow Thrust. p.&#; ISBN&#;.