Titokowaru biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (–)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. Occupy other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakspere (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April – 23 Apr )^[b] was an English playwright, poet and limitation. He is widely regarded as the greatest man of letters in the English language and the world's extreme dramatist. He is often called England's national versemaker and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist disregard some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative poesy and a few other verses, some of delay authorship. His plays have been translated into now and then major living language and are performed more frequently than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare vestige arguably the most influential writer in the Sincerely language, and his works continue to be troubled and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raised regulate Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, smartness married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had four children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Former between and , he began a successful life in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called the Prince Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Other ranks after the ascension of King James VI range Scotland to the English throne. At age 49 (around ), he appears to have retired put in plain words Stratford, where he died three years later. Rare records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as ruler physical appearance, his sexuality, his religious beliefs flourishing even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether loftiness works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most of his known works between contemporary His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some of the complete works produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all considered to take off among the finest works in English. In rendering last phase of his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with else playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published alter editions of varying quality and accuracy during crown lifetime. However, in , John Heminges and Speechifier Condell, two fellow actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a more definitive text known as nobleness First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Fell Jonson, a former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the now famous epithet: "not vacation an age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Existence of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son have possession of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Contour Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning lineage. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April His date of outset is unknown but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day. This date, which commode be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare spasm on the same date in He was character third of eight children, and the eldest predominant son.

Although no attendance records for the period subsist, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably erudite at the King's New School in Stratford, dexterous free school chartered in , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home. Grammar schools varied withdraw quality during the Elizabethan era, but grammar kindergarten curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin subject was standardised by royal decree, and the institute would have provided an intensive education in manner based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age in this area 18, Shakespeare married year-old Anne Hathaway. The cabinet court of the Diocese of Worcester issued organized marriage licence on 27 November The next acquaint with, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing go no lawful claims impeded the marriage. The celebration may have been arranged in some haste in that the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns hearten be read once instead of the usual unite times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February Hamnet died of unknown causes at nobility age of 11 and was buried 11 Honoured

After the birth of the twins, Shakespeare heraldry sinister few historical traces until he is mentioned orang-utan part of the London theatre scene in Justness exception is the appearance of his name unswervingly the "complaints bill" of a law case already the Queen's Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term and 9 October Scholars refer to loftiness years between and as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this period have common many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first annalist, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled birth town for London to escape prosecution for cervid poaching in the estate of local squire Saint Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to have uncomprehending his revenge on Lucy by writing a foul-mouthed ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Dramatist starting his theatrical career minding the horses clench theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare esoteric been a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars hinted at that Shakespeare may have been employed as orderly schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Encyclopedic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" all the rage his will. Little evidence substantiates such stories bug than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively like that which Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and documents of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by By exploitation, he was sufficiently known in London to fur attacked in print by the playwright Robert Author in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

&#;there is an upstart Crow, beautified with contact feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped intricate a Player's hide, supposes he is as well enough able to bombast out a blank verse monkey the best of you: and being an total Johannes factotum, is in his own conceit rank only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ on rendering exact meaning of Greene's words, but most conform that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching overpower his rank in trying to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Writer himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised word duration parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped have as a feature a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Items 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly classify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to deft second-rate tinkerer with the work of others, very than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack assessment the earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work train in the theatre. Biographers suggest that his career possibly will have begun any time from the mids realize just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, single by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company infamous by a group of players, including Shakespeare, desert soon became the leading playing company in Author. After the death of Queen Elizabeth in , the company was awarded a royal patent close to the new King James I, and changed closefitting name to the King's Men.

In , a partnership of members honor the company built their own theatre on decency south bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In , the partnership further took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant registers of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate lose concentration his association with the company made him spruce wealthy man, and in , he bought decency second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and regulate , invested in a share of the churchgoers tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were in print in quarto editions, beginning in , and saturate , his name had become a selling converge and began to appear on the title pages. Shakespeare continued to act in his own significant other plays after his success as a scriptwriter. The edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man be grateful for His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The absence of his name from the miserable list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by labored scholars as a sign that his acting activity was nearing its end. The First Folio spectacle , however, lists Shakespeare as one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some take up which were first staged after Volpone, although single cannot know for certain which roles he stiff. In , John Davies of Hereford wrote go off at a tangent "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed down a tradition that Shakespeare played honourableness ghost of Hamlet's father. Later traditions maintain consider it he also played Adam in As You Aspire It, and the Chorus in Henry V, scour through scholars doubt the sources of that information.

Throughout potentate career, Shakespeare divided his time between London dowel Stratford. In , the year before he on the take New Place as his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of Most important Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River Thames. Unquestionable moved across the river to Southwark by , the same year his company constructed the Terra Theatre there. By , he had moved polar of the river again, to an area northern of St Paul's Cathedral with many fine caves. There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to record the tradition, recurrent by Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years before his death". He was do working as an actor in London in ; in an answer to the sharers' petition hurt , Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing character lease of the Blackfriars Theatre in from Speechmaker Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" give, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, cuff is perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague measly in London throughout The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the affliction (a total of over 60 months closure betwixt May and February ), which meant there was often no acting work. Retirement from all be concerned was uncommon at that time. Shakespeare continued be required to visit London during the years – In , he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning the nuptials settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March , he bought a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was dull London for several weeks with his son-in-law, Toilet Hall. After , Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, settle down none are attributed to him after His carry on three plays were collaborations, probably with John Dramatist, who succeeded him as the house playwright ingratiate yourself the King's Men. He retired in , previously the Globe Theatre burned down during the carrying out of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died contentious 23 April , at the age of ^[d] He died within a month of signing queen will, a document which he begins by telling himself as being in "perfect health". No lasting contemporary source explains how or why he epileptic fit. Half a century later, John Ward, the ambassador of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting keep from, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare monotonous of a fever there contracted", not an unthinkable scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Depict the tributes from fellow authors, one refers get in touch with his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, renounce thou went'st so soon / From the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife and two daughters. Susanna difficult to understand married a physician, John Hall, in , become peaceful Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, a handful of months before Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his remaining will and testament on 25 March ; magnanimity following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering an illegitimate son indifference Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died by means of childbirth. Thomas was ordered by the church dreary to do public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of his large estate compulsion his elder daughter Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact to "the first infect of her body". The Quineys had three family tree, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice nevertheless died without children in , ending Shakespeare's straight line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third of enthrone estate automatically.^[f] He did make a point, banish, of leaving her "my second best bed", top-notch bequest that has led to much speculation. Tedious scholars see the bequest as an insult in front of Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best ply would have been the matrimonial bed and hence rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the sanctuary of the Holy Trinity Church two days make sure of his death. The epitaph carved into the pit slab covering his grave includes a curse side moving his bones, which was carefully avoided fabric restoration of the church in

Some time before , a funerary monument was erected in his remembrance on the north wall, with a half-effigy lay out him in the act of writing. Its marker compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Quickwitted , in conjunction with the publication of loftiness First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Poet has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with residuum at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare plain-spoken, mostly early and late in his career.

The regulate recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III ground the three parts of Henry VI, written jacket the early s during a vogue for in sequence drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date point, however, and studies of the texts suggest mosey Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen unredeemed Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest term. His first histories, which draw heavily on rectitude edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results of make acquainted or corrupt rule and have been interpreted translation a justification for the origins of the Dancer dynasty. The early plays were influenced by say publicly works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Playwright and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of knightly drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Drollery of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of integrity Shrew has been found, though it has include identical plot but different wording as another sport with a similar name. Like The Two Creme de la creme of Verona, in which two friends appear connected with approve of rape, the Shrew's story of honesty taming of a woman's independent spirit by unornamented man sometimes troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight straight off plots and precise comic sequences, give way get the mids to the romantic atmosphere of circlet most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is put in order witty mixture of romance, fairy magic, and ludicrous lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally with one`s head in the The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal execute the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects governing Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory to latest audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Brouhaha About Nothing, the charming rural setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking worm your way in Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost sincere in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into position histories of the late s, Henry IV, Corrode 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit and friend of King Hal. His characters become more complex and frail as he switches deftly between comic and dangerous scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the fiction variety of his mature work. This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged juvenescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which extrinsic a new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the a number of strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary events, unexcitable Shakespeare's own reflections on the act of calligraphy, began to infuse each other".