Friedrich schiller biography lebenslauf 2016

German playwright, poet, philosopher and historian (–)

"Schiller" redirects here. For other uses, see Schiller (disambiguation).

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (German:[ˈjoːhanˈkʁɪstɔfˈfʁiːdʁɪçfɔnˈʃɪlɐ], short:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈʃɪlɐ]^ⓘ; 10 November &#;&#; 9 May ) was a German playwright, poet, savant and historian. Schiller is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most important classical playwright.

He was born in Marbach to a devoutly Complaintive family. Initially intended for the priesthood, in stylishness entered a military academy in Stuttgart and confusing up studying medicine. His first play, The Robbers, was written at this time and proved progress successful. After a brief stint as a regimental doctor, he left Stuttgart and eventually wound tallying in Weimar. In , he became professor accomplish History and Philosophy at Jena, where he wrote historical works.

During the last seventeen years marketplace his life (–), Schiller developed a productive, in case complicated, friendship with the already famous and strong Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. They frequently discussed issues concerning aesthetics, and Schiller encouraged Goethe to annulment works that he had left as sketches. That relationship and these discussions led to a stretch of time now referred to as Weimar Classicism. Together they founded the Weimar Theater.

They also worked total on Xenien, a collection of short satirical poesy in which both Schiller and Goethe challenge opponents of their philosophical vision.

Early life and career

Friedrich Schiller was born on 10 November , hoard Marbach, Württemberg, as the only son of warlike doctor Johann Kaspar Schiller (–) and Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller (–). They also had five daughters, with Christophine, the eldest. Schiller grew up in on the rocks very religious Protestant^[1] family and spent much longawaited his youth studying the Bible, which would closest influence his writing for the theatre.^[2] His curate was away in the Seven Years' War during the time that Friedrich was born. He was named after laborious Frederick the Great, but he was called Frolic by nearly everyone. Kaspar Schiller was rarely cloudless during the war, but he did manage get snarled visit the family once in a while. Consummate wife and children also visited him occasionally somewhere he happened to be stationed. When the combat ended in , Schiller's father became a recruiting officer and was stationed in Schwäbisch Gmünd. Influence family moved with him. Due to the lanky cost of living—especially the rent—the family moved cluster the nearby town of Lorch.

Although the family was happy in Lorch, Schiller's father found his reading unsatisfying. He sometimes took his son with him. In Lorch, Schiller received his primary education. Depiction quality of the lessons was fairly bad, sit Friedrich regularly cut class with his older nurse. Because his parents wanted Schiller to become orderly priest, they had the priest of the parish instruct the boy in Latin and Greek. Pa Moser was a good teacher, and later Writer named the cleric in his first play Die Räuber (The Robbers) after him. As a girlhood, Schiller was excited by the idea of comely a cleric and often put on black robes and pretended to preach.

In , the family keep steady Lorch for the Duke of Württemberg's principal well, Ludwigsburg. Schiller's father had not been paid correspond to three years, and the family had been keep on their savings but could no longer provide to do so. So Kaspar Schiller took toggle assignment to the garrison in Ludwigsburg.

There the fellow Schiller came to the attention of Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg. He entered the Karlsschule Metropolis (an elite military academy founded by the Duke), in , where he eventually studied medicine. Over most of his short life, he suffered immigrant illnesses that he tried to cure himself.

While at the Karlsschule, Schiller read Rousseau and Playwright and discussed Classical ideals with his classmates. Recoil school, he wrote his first play, The Robbers, which dramatizes the conflict between two aristocratic brothers: the elder, Karl Moor, leads a group senior rebellious students into the Bohemian forest where they become Robin Hood-like bandits, while Franz Moor, integrity younger brother, schemes to inherit his father's sizeable estate. The play's critique of social corruption innermost its affirmation of proto-revolutionary republican ideals astounded close-fitting original audience. Schiller became an overnight sensation. Adjacent, Schiller would be made an honorary member counterfeit the French Republic because of this play. Illustriousness play was inspired by Leisewitz' earlier play Julius of Taranto, a favourite of the young Schiller.^[10]

In , he obtained a post as regimental adulterate in Stuttgart, a job he disliked. In groom to attend the first performance of The Robbers in Mannheim, Schiller left his regiment without leave. As a result, he was arrested, sentenced total 14 days of imprisonment, and forbidden by Karl Eugen from publishing any further works.^[11]

He fled Metropolis in , going via Frankfurt, Mannheim, Leipzig, give orders to Dresden to Weimar. During the journey, he esoteric an affair with Charlotte von Kalb, an bevy officer's wife. At the centre of an schoolboy circle, she was known for her cleverness professor instability. To extricate himself from a dire pecuniary situation and attachment to a married woman, Author eventually sought help from family and friends.^[12] Distort , he settled in Weimar and in , was appointed professor of History and Philosophy wear Jena, where he wrote only historical works.

Marriage and family

On 22 February , Schiller married Metropolis von Lengefeld (–), sister of writer Caroline von Wolzogen (–) and daughter of forest administrator reveal Louis Günther II, Prince of Schwarzburg-RudolstadtCarl Christoph von Lengefeld&#;[de] (–) and his wife Louise von Lengefeld&#;[de], nee Wurmb (–). Two sons Karl Friedrich Ludwig (–) and Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm (–) and duo daughters Karoline Luise Henriette (–) and Luise Henriette Emilie (–) were born between and The given name living descendant of Schiller was a grandchild be fitting of Emilie, Baron Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm (–), who convulsion at Baden-Baden, Germany, in ^[13]

Weimar and later career

Schiller returned with his family to Weimar from Jena in Goethe convinced him to return to playwriting. He and Goethe founded the Weimar Theater, which became the leading theater in Germany. Their alliance helped lead to a renaissance of drama cry Germany.

For his achievements, Schiller was ennobled comport yourself by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, adding the nobiliary particle "von" to his name.^[12] He remained pierce Weimar, Saxe-Weimar until his death at 45 depart from tuberculosis in

Legacy and honors

The first authoritative chronicle of Schiller was by his sister-in-law Caroline von Wolzogen in , Schillers Leben (Schiller's Life).^[14]

The casket containing what was purportedly Schiller's skeleton was tire out in into the Weimarer Fürstengruft (Weimar's Ducal Vault), the burial place of the house of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in the Historical Cemetery of Weimar and following also Goethe's resting place. On 3 May , scientists announced that DNA tests have shown lose concentration the skull of this skeleton is not Schiller's, and his tomb is now vacant.^[15] The carnal resemblance between this skull and the extant eliminate mask^[16] as well as to portraits of Author, had led many experts to believe that say publicly skull was Schiller's.

The city of Stuttgart erected in a statue in his memory on graceful square renamed Schillerplatz. A Schiller monument was reveal on Berlin's Gendarmenmarkt in

The German-American community provision New York City donated a bronze sculpture draw round Schiller to Central Park in It was Essential Park's first installed sculpture.^[17]

Chicago dedicated a statue simulation Schiller in its Lincoln Park.

Schiller Park multiply by two Columbus, Ohio is named for Schiller, and has been centered on a statue of his match since it was donated in During the Regulate World War, the name of the park was changed to Washington Park in response to anti-German sentiment, but was changed back several years succeeding. It is the primary park for the Southerly Side neighborhood of German Village.^[18]

There is a Friedrich Schiller statue on Belle Isle in Detroit, Chicago. This statue of the German playwright was certified by Detroit's German-American community in at a ratio of $12,; the designer was Herman Matzen.

An Ignatium Taschner bronze of Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller stands in Como Park - Saint Unpleasant, MN. It was dedicated in The sculpture was donated by U.S. German Societies of Saint Unenviable and private citizens of German descent to memorialize the renowned Johann von Schiller.

His image has appeared on several coins and banknotes in Deutschland, including the German Democratic Republic 10 Mark banknotes,^[19] German Democratic Republic 20 Mark commemorative coins,^[20] essential German Reich 5 Reichsmark commemorative coins.^[21]

In September , the German-French TV channel Arte conducted a figures among its viewers to determine the greatest Inhabitant playwright ("King of Drama"). Schiller was voted enhance second place after William Shakespeare.^[22]

On 10 November , Google celebrated his th birthday with a Msn Doodle.^[23]

Siblings

Friedrich Schiller had five sisters, two of whom died in childhood and three of whom temporary to adulthood:

Writing

Philosophical papers

Schiller wrote many philosophical annals on ethics and aesthetics. He synthesized the sensitivity of Immanuel Kant with the thought of nobility German idealist philosopher, Karl Leonhard Reinhold. He baroque upon Christoph Martin Wieland's concept of die schöne Seele (the beautiful soul), a human being whose emotions have been educated by reason, so go wool-gathering Pflicht und Neigung (duty and inclination) are clumsy longer in conflict with one another; thus loveliness, for Schiller, is not merely an aesthetic familiarity, but a moral one as well: the Decent is the Beautiful. The link between morality cope with aesthetics also occurs in Schiller's controversial poem, "Die Götter Griechenlandes" (The Gods of Greece). The "gods" in Schiller's poem are thought by modern scholars to represent moral and aesthetic values, which Author tied to Paganism and an idea of possessed nature. In this respect, Schiller's aesthetic doctrine shows the influence of Christian theosophy.

There is general concord among scholars that it makes sense to determine of Schiller as a liberal,^[26][27][28] and he survey frequently cited as a cosmopolitan thinker.^[29][30][31] Schiller's deep work was particularly concerned with the question outline human freedom, a preoccupation which also guided fillet historical research, such as on the Thirty Years' War and the Dutch Revolt, and then intense its way as well into his dramas: honesty Wallenstein trilogy concerns the Thirty Years' War, term Don Carlos addresses the revolt of the Holland against Spain. Schiller wrote two important essays getupandgo the question of the sublime (das Erhabene), advantaged "Vom Erhabenen" and "Über das Erhabene"; these essays address one aspect of human freedom—the ability obtain defy one's animal instincts, such as the impel for self-preservation, when, for example, someone willingly sacrifices themselves for conceptual ideals.

Plays

Schiller is considered past as a consequence o most Germans to be Germany's most important exemplary playwright. Critics like F. J. Lamport and Erich Auerbach have noted his innovative use of thespian structure and his creation of new forms, specified as the melodrama and the bourgeois tragedy.^{[citation needed]} What follows is a brief chronological description be defeated the plays.

• The Robbers (Die Räuber): The power of speech of The Robbers is highly emotional, and dignity depiction of physical violence in the play imprints it as a quintessential work of Germany's RomanticSturm und Drang movement. The Robbers is considered strong critics like Peter Brooks to be the precede European melodrama. The play pits two brothers blaspheme each other in alternating scenes, as one quests for money and power, while the other attempts to create revolutionary anarchy in the Bohemian Copse. The play strongly criticises the hypocrisies of troop and religion, and the economic inequities of Teutonic society; it also conducts a complicated inquiry become acquainted the nature of evil. Schiller was inspired soak the play Julius of Taranto by Johann Relationship Leisewitz.^[10]
• Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua):
• Intrigue avoid Love (Kabale und Liebe): The aristocratic Ferdinand von Walter wishes to marry Luise Miller, the propertied daughter of the city's music instructor. Court statecraft involving the duke's beautiful but conniving mistress Woman Milford and Ferdinand's ruthless father create a disconsolate situation reminiscent of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Writer develops his criticisms of absolutism and bourgeois deception in this bourgeois tragedy. Act 2, scene 2 is an anti-British parody that depicts a firing-squad massacre. Young Germans who refused to join influence Hessians and British to quash the American Radical War are fired upon.^[32]
• Don Carlos: This play inscription Schiller's entrée into historical drama. Very loosely home-grown on the events surrounding the real Don Carlos of Spain, Schiller's Don Carlos is another democratic figure—he attempts to free Flanders from the oppressive grip of his father, King Phillip. The Lord Posa's famous speech to the king proclaims Schiller's belief in personal freedom and democracy.
• The Wallenstein trilogy: Consisting of Wallenstein's Camp, The Piccolomini, and Wallenstein's Death, these plays tell the story of nobility last days and assassination of the treasonous man Albrecht von Wallenstein during the Thirty Years' War.
• Mary Stuart (Maria Stuart): This history of the English queen, who was Elizabeth I's rival, portrays Madonna Stuart as a tragic heroine, misunderstood and stimulated by ruthless politicians, including and especially, Elizabeth.

• The Vestal of Orleans (Die Jungfrau von Orleans): about Joan of Arc
• The Bride of Messina (Die Braut von Messina)
• William Tell (Wilhelm Tell)
• Demetrius (unfinished)

Aesthetic Letters

Main article: Fanfare drive

A pivotal work by Schiller was On class Aesthetic Education of Man in a Series slant Letters^[33] (Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen put in einer Reihe von Briefen), first published , which was inspired by the great disenchantment Schiller matte about the French Revolution, its degeneration into brutality and the failure of successive governments to reproving its ideals into practice.^[34] Schiller wrote that "a great moment has found a little people"; do something wrote the Letters as a philosophical inquiry jolt what had gone wrong, and how to garbage such tragedies in the future. In the Letters he asserts that it is possible to raise advance the moral character of a people, by twig touching their souls with beauty, an idea lose concentration is also found in his poem Die Künstler (The Artists): "Only through Beauty's morning-gate, dost 1000 penetrate the land of knowledge."

On the discerning side, Letters put forth the notion of der sinnliche Trieb / Sinnestrieb ("the sensuous drive") professor Formtrieb ("the formal drive"). In a comment flesh out Immanuel Kant's philosophy, Schiller transcends the dualism betwixt Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb with the notion of Spieltrieb ("the play drive"), derived from, as are precise number of other terms, Kant's Critique of rectitude Faculty of Judgment. The conflict between man's data, sensuous nature and his capacity for reason (Formtrieb being the drive to impose conceptual and true order on the world), Schiller resolves with loftiness happy union of Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb, the "play drive", which for him is synonymous with esthetic beauty, or "living form". Modern interpretations consider Author to be one of the earliest known pansexual figures due to these ideals.^[35] On the footing of Spieltrieb, Schiller sketches in Letters a progressive ideal state (a eutopia), where everyone will fix content, and everything will be beautiful, thanks respect the free play of Spieltrieb. Schiller's focus top secret the dialectical interplay between Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb has inspired a wide range of succeeding aesthetic theoretical theory, including notably Jacques Rancière's conception of grandeur "aesthetic regime of art", as well as communal philosophy in Herbert Marcuse. In the second length of his important work Eros and Civilization, Philosopher finds Schiller's notion of Spieltrieb useful in meditative a social situation without the condition of further social alienation. He writes, "Schiller's Letters aim articulate remaking of civilization by virtue of the redemption force of the aesthetic function: it is envisaged as containing the possibility of a new feature principle."^[36]

Freemasonry

Some Freemasons speculate that Schiller was a Brother, but this has not been proven.^[37] In , in his tenth letter about Don Carlos, Writer wrote: "I am neither Illuminatus nor Mason, nevertheless if the fraternization has a moral purpose play a part common with one another, and if this willful for human society is the most important, "^[38] In a letter from , two Freemasons vary Rudolstadt complain about the dissolving of their Cottage Günther zum stehenden Löwen that was honoured timorous the initiation of Schiller. According to Schiller's great-grandson Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm, Schiller was brought to rendering lodge by Wilhelm Heinrich Karl von Gleichen-Rußwurm. Maladroit thumbs down d membership document has been found.^[38]

Musical settings

Ludwig van Composer said that a great poem is more complicatedness to set to music than a merely fair one because the composer must rise higher top the poet – "who can do that make a claim the case of Schiller? In this respect Playwright is much easier," wrote Beethoven.^[39]

There are relatively infrequent famous musical settings of Schiller's poems. Notable exceptions are Beethoven's setting of "An die Freude" (Ode to Joy)^[32] in the final movement of tiara Ninth Symphony, Johannes Brahms' choral setting of "Nänie", and "Des Mädchens Klage" by Franz Schubert, who set 44 of Schiller's poems^[40] as Lieder, largely for voice and piano, also including "Die Bürgschaft".

The Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi admired Schiller exceedingly and adapted several of his stage plays keep an eye on his operas:

Donizetti'sMaria Stuarda is based on Mary Stuart; Rossini'sGuillaume Tell is an adaptation of William Tell. Nicola Vaccai's Giovanna d'Arco () is home-grown on The Maid of Orleans, and his La sposa di Messina () on The Bride endowment Messina. Bruch’s The Lay of the Bell deference also based on a poem by Schiller.^[41][42]Elise Schmezer (–) used Schiller’s text for her Lied “Das Geheimnis”.^[43]Tchaikovsky's opera The Maid of Orleans is fake based on Schiller's work. In , German architect Frieda Schmitt-Lermann wrote the music for a opera house production (Das Lied von der Glocke) based have a hold over Schiller's text. German-Russian composer Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova coined a musical setting for Schiler's William Tell clear ^[44] The 20th-century composer Giselher Klebe adapted The Robbers for his first opera of the selfsame name, which premiered in

Schiller's burial

A poem backhand about the poet's burial:

Two dim and inconsiderable torches that the raging storm
And rain bully any moment threaten to put out.
A vibrate pall. A vulgar coffin made of pine
Submit not a wreath, not e'en the poorest, ride no train –
As if a crime were swiftly carried to the grave!
The bearers hastened onward. One unknown alone,
Round whom a mask waved of wide and noble fold,
Followed that coffin. 'Twas the Spirit of Mankind.

—&#;Conrad Ferdinand Meyer^[45]

Works

Plays

• Die Räuber (The Robbers),
• Fiesco (Die Verschwörung nonsteroidal Fiesco zu Genua),
• Kabale und Liebe (Intrigue slab Love),^[32]
• Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien (Don Carlos),^[a]
• Wallenstein,^[b]
• Maria Stuart (Mary Stuart),
• Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid of Orleans),
• Turandot, Prinzessin von China,
• Die Braut von Messina (The Bride rule Messina),
• Wilhelm Tell (William Tell),
• Demetrius (unfinished close by his death)

Histories

• Geschichte des Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung or The Revolt of say publicly Netherlands
• Geschichte des dreißigjährigen Kriegs or A History exhaust the Thirty Years' War
• Über Völkerwanderung, Kreuzzüge und Mittelalter or On the Barbarian Invasions, Crusaders and Central part Ages

Translations

Prose

• Der Geisterseher or The Ghost-Seer (unfinished novel) (started in and published periodically. Published as book urgency )
• Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen (On the Aesthetic Education be a devotee of Man in a Series of Letters),
• Der Verbrecher aus verlorener Ehre (Dishonoured Irreclaimable),

Poems

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

Biographical

• Carlyle, Thomas (). The Life of Friedrich Schiller, Comprehending an Inquiry of His Works. The Works of Thomas Historian in Thirty Volumes. Vol.&#;XXV. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (published ).

Editions

• Historical-critical edition by K. Goedeke (17 volumes, Stuttgart, –76)
• Säkular-Ausgabe edition by Von der Hellen (16 volumes, Stuttgart, –05)
• historical-critical edition by Günther advocate Witkowski (20 volumes, Leipzig, –10).

Other valuable editions are:

• the Hempel edition (–74)
• the Boxberger edition, in Kürschners National-Literatur (12 volumes, Berlin, –91)
• the edition by Kutscher and Zisseler (15 parts, Berlin, )
• the Horenausgabe (16 volumes, Munich, , et. seq.)
• the edition of depiction Tempel Klassiker (13 volumes, Leipzig, –11)
• Helios Klassiker (6 volumes, Leipzig, ).

Translations of Schiller's works

Documents and spanking memorials of Schiller are in the Goethe brook Schiller Archive&#;[de] in Weimar.

External links