Susan b anthony biography speech

American women's rights activist (1820–1906)

For other uses, see Susan B. Anthony (disambiguation).

Susan B. Anthony (born Susan Anthony; February 15, 1820 – March 13, 1906) was an American social reformer and women's forthright activist who played a pivotal role in greatness women's suffrage movement. Born into a Quaker coat committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17. In 1856, she became the New York state agent for loftiness American Anti-Slavery Society.

In 1851, she met Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who became her lifelong friend nearby co-worker in social reform activities, primarily in primacy field of women's rights. Together they founded decency New York Women's State Temperance Society after Suffragist was prevented from speaking at a temperance forum because she was female. During the Civil Battle they founded the Women's Loyal National League, which conducted the largest petition drive in United States history up to that time, collecting nearly 400,000 signatures in support of the abolition of subjection. After the war, they initiated the American Be neck and neck Rights Association, which campaigned for equal rights assimilate both women and African Americans. They began heralding a women's rights newspaper in 1868 called The Revolution. A year later, they founded the Public Woman Suffrage Association as part of a come out with in the women's movement. The split was officially healed in 1890 when their organization merged meet the rival American Woman Suffrage Association to convulsion the National American Woman Suffrage Association, with Suffragist as its key force. Anthony and Stanton began working with Matilda Joslyn Gage in 1876 amusing what eventually grew into the six-volume History get into Woman Suffrage. The interests of Anthony and Suffragist diverged somewhat in later years, but the connect remained close friends.

In 1872, Anthony was pinch in her hometown of Rochester, New York, take care of voting in violation of laws that allowed solitary men to vote. She was convicted in excellent widely publicized trial. Although she refused to compromise the fine, the authorities declined to take supplementary action. In 1878, Anthony and Stanton arranged goods Congress to be presented with an amendment award women the right to vote. Introduced by Subunit. Aaron A. Sargent (R-CA), it later became famous colloquially as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment. Esteem was eventually ratified as the Nineteenth Amendment get into the U.S. Constitution in 1920.

Anthony traveled largely in support of women's suffrage, giving as numberless as 75 to 100 speeches per year abstruse working on many state campaigns. She worked internationally for women's rights, playing a key role crop creating the International Council of Women, which psychoanalysis still active. She also helped to bring brake the World's Congress of Representative Women at greatness World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893.

When she first began campaigning for women's rights, Suffragist was harshly ridiculed and accused of trying detonation destroy the institution of marriage. Public perception look after her changed radically during her lifetime, however. Send someone away 80th birthday was celebrated in the White Line at the invitation of President William McKinley. She became the first female citizen to be pictured on U.S. coinage when her portrait appeared cost the 1979 dollar coin.

Early life

Susan Anthony was born on February 15, 1820, to Daniel Suffragist and Lucy Read Anthony in Adams, Massachusetts, class second-oldest of seven children. She was named bare her maternal grandmother Susanah, and for her father's sister Susan. In her youth, she and stress sisters responded to a "great craze for medial initials" by adding middle initials to their brake names. Anthony adopted "B." as her middle first because her namesake Aunt Susan had married skilful man named Brownell.^[1] Anthony never used the honour Brownell herself, and did not like it.^[2]

Her kith and kin shared a passion for social reform. Her brothers Daniel and Merritt moved to Kansas to establish the anti-slavery movement there. Merritt fought with Toilet Brown against pro-slavery forces during the Bleeding River crisis. Daniel eventually owned a newspaper and became mayor of Leavenworth.^[3] Anthony's sister Mary, with whom she shared a home in later years, became a public school principal in Rochester, and a- woman's rights activist.^[4]

Anthony's father was an abolitionist tell off a temperance advocate. A Quaker, he had a-one difficult relationship with his traditionalist congregation, which rebuked him for marrying a non-Quaker, and then forlorn him for allowing a dance school to take steps in his home. He continued to attend Trembler meetings anyway and became even more radical problem his beliefs.^[5] Anthony's mother was a Baptist existing helped raise their children in a more dispassionate version of her husband's religious tradition.^[6] Their sire encouraged them all, girls as well as boys, to be self-supporting, teaching them business principles extremity giving them responsibilities at an early age.^[7]

When Suffragist was six years old, her family moved protect Battenville, New York, where her father managed efficient large cotton mill. Previously he had operated sovereign own small cotton factory.^[8]

When she was seventeen, Suffragist was sent to a Quaker boarding school directive Philadelphia, where she unhappily endured its strict build up sometimes humiliating atmosphere.^[9] She was forced to encouragement her studies after one term because her consanguinity was financially ruined during an economic downturn cloak as the Panic of 1837. They were awkward to sell everything they had at an deal, but they were rescued by her maternal piece, who bought most of their belongings and untrodden them to the family.^[10] To assist her consanguinity financially, Anthony left home to teach at unembellished Quaker boarding school.^[11]

In 1845, the family moved craving a farm on the outskirts of Rochester, Recent York, purchased partly with the inheritance of Anthony's mother. There they associated with a group read Quaker social reformers who had left their assemblage because of the restrictions it placed on alter activities, and who in 1848 formed a original organization called the Congregational Friends. The Anthony farm soon became the Sunday afternoon gathering place give a hand local activists, including Frederick Douglass, a former scullion and a prominent abolitionist who became Anthony's enduring friend.^[12][13]

The Anthony family began to attend services turnup for the books the First Unitarian Church of Rochester,^[14] which was associated with social reform. The Rochester Women's Forthright Convention of 1848 was held at that religion in 1848, inspired by the Seneca Falls Meeting, the first women's rights convention, which was set aside two weeks earlier in a nearby town. Anthony's parents and her sister Mary attended the Town convention and signed the Declaration of Sentiments roam had been first adopted by the Seneca Flood Convention.^[15][16]

Anthony did not take part in either be in the region of these conventions because she had moved to Canajoharie in 1846 to be headmistress of the matronly department of the Canajoharie Academy. Away from Trembler influences for the first time in her philosophy, at the age of 26 she began hard by replace her plain clothing with more stylish dresses, and she quit using "thee" and other forms of speech traditionally used by Quakers.^[17] She was interested in social reform, and she was anxious at being paid much less than men append similar jobs, but she was amused at socialize father's enthusiasm over the Rochester women's rights society. She later explained, "I wasn't ready to ballot, didn't want to vote, but I did fancy equal pay for equal work."^[18]

When the Canajoharie College closed in 1849, Anthony took over the sustenance of the family farm in Rochester so accumulate father could devote more time to his caution business. She worked at this task for top-hole couple of years but found herself increasingly shabby to reform activity. With her parents' support, she was soon fully engaged in reform work.^[19] Presage the rest of her life, she lived practically entirely on fees she earned as a speaker.^[20]

Activism

Early social activism

Anthony embarked on her career of social change with energy and determination. Schooling herself in rectify issues, she found herself drawn to the make more complicated radical ideas of people like William Lloyd Fort, George Thompson and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Soon she was wearing the controversial Bloomer dress, consisting ingratiate yourself pantaloons worn under a knee-length dress. Although she felt it was more sensible than the tacit heavy dresses that dragged the ground, she fastidiously quit wearing it after a year because arise gave her opponents the opportunity to focus alteration her apparel rather than her ideas.^[22]

Partnership with Elizabeth Cady Stanton

In 1851, Anthony was introduced to Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who had been one of rendering organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention and difficult to understand introduced the controversial resolution in support of women's suffrage. Anthony and Stanton were introduced by Amelia Bloomer, a feminist and mutual acquaintance. Anthony be proof against Stanton soon became close friends and co-workers, assembling a relationship that was pivotal for them person in charge for the women's movement as a whole.^[23] Astern the Stantons moved from Seneca Falls to In mint condition York City in 1861, a room was commencement aside for Anthony in every house they cursory in.^[24] One of Stanton's biographers estimated that scan her lifetime, Stanton probably spent more time fumble Anthony than with any other adult, including company own husband.^[25]

The two women had complementary skills. Suffragist excelled at organizing, while Stanton had an ability for intellectual matters and writing. Anthony was disgruntled with her own writing ability and wrote more little for publication. When historians illustrate her give the cold shoulder to with direct quotes, they usually take them go over the top with her speeches, letters, and diary entries.^[26]

Because Stanton was homebound with seven children while Anthony was undefiled and free to travel, Anthony assisted Stanton bypass supervising her children while Stanton wrote. One second Anthony's biographers said, "Susan became one of righteousness family and was almost another mother to Wife. Stanton's children."^[27] A biography of Stanton says defer during the early years of their relationship, "Stanton provided the ideas, rhetoric, and strategy; Anthony unsolicited the speeches, circulated petitions, and rented the halls. Anthony prodded and Stanton produced."^[28] Stanton's husband articulate, "Susan stirred the puddings, Elizabeth stirred up Susan, and then Susan stirs up the world!"^[29] Feminist herself said, "I forged the thunderbolts, she laidoff them."^[30] By 1854, Anthony and Stanton "had exact a collaboration that made the New York Conditions movement the most sophisticated in the country", according to Ann D. Gordon, a professor of women's history.^[31]

Temperance activities

Temperance was very much a women's forthright issue at that time because of laws walk gave husbands complete control of the family become calm its finances. A woman with a drunken bridegroom had little legal recourse even if his cacoethes left the family destitute and he was calumnious to her and their children. If she acquired a divorce, which was difficult to do, recognized could easily end up with sole guardianship close the children.^[32]

While teaching in Canajoharie, Anthony joined justness Daughters of Temperance and in 1849 gave cast-off first public speech at one of its meetings.^[33] In 1852, she was elected as a emissary to the state temperance convention, but the chair stopped her when she tried to speak, language that women delegates were there only to be all ears and learn. Anthony and some other women promptly walked out and announced a meeting of their own, which created a committee to organize well-ordered women's state convention. Largely organized by Anthony, description convention of 500 women met in Rochester utilize April and created the Women's State Temperance The upper crust, with Stanton as president and Anthony as roller agent.^[34]

Anthony and her co-workers collected 28,000 signatures disgrace a petition for a law to prohibit righteousness sale of alcohol in New York State. She organized a hearing on that law before rectitude New York legislature, the first that had archaic initiated in that state by a group tinge women.^[35] At the organization's convention the following yr, however, conservative members attacked Stanton's advocacy of representation right of a wife of an alcoholic principle obtain a divorce. Stanton was voted out rightfully president, whereupon she and Anthony resigned from high-mindedness organization.^[36]

In 1853, Anthony attended the World's Temperance Partnership in New York City, which bogged down goods three chaotic days in a dispute about nolens volens women would be allowed to speak there.^[37] Period later, Anthony observed, "No advanced step taken mass women has been so bitterly contested as rove of speaking in public. For nothing which they have attempted, not even to secure the ballot, have they been so abused, condemned and antagonized."^[38] After this period, Anthony focused her energy cut of meat abolitionist and women's rights activities.

Teachers' conventions

When Suffragist tried to speak at the New York Say Teachers' Association meeting in 1853, her attempt sparked a half-hour debate among the men about of necessity it was proper for women to speak guarantee public. Finally allowed to continue, Anthony said, "Do you not see that so long as ballet company says a woman is incompetent to be uncomplicated lawyer, minister, or doctor, but has ample state to be a teacher, that every man remove you who chooses this profession tacitly acknowledges rove he has no more brains than a woman."^[39] At the 1857 teacher's convention, she introduced undiluted resolution calling for the admission of black go out to public schools and colleges, but it was rejected as "not a proper subject for discussion".^[40] When she introduced another resolution calling for poverty-stricken and females to be educated together at conclusion levels, including colleges, it was fiercely opposed build up decisively rejected. One opponent called the idea "a vast social evil... the first step in rectitude school which seeks to abolish marriage, and persist this picture I see a monster of societal companionable deformity."^[41]

Anthony continued to speak at state teachers' manners for several years, insisting that women teachers must receive equal pay with men and serve monkey officers and committee members within the organization.^[42]

Early women's rights activities

Anthony's work for the women's rights current began at a time when that movement was already gathering momentum. Stanton had helped organize representation Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, a local bar that was the first women's rights convention. Serve 1850, the first in a series of Special Women's Rights Conventions was held in Worcester, Colony. In 1852, Anthony attended her first National Women's Rights Convention, which was held in Syracuse, In mint condition York, where she served as one of dignity convention's secretaries.^[43] According to Ida Husted Harper, Anthony's authorized biographer, "Miss Anthony came away from rectitude Syracuse convention thoroughly convinced that the right which woman needed above every other, the one doubtlessly which would secure to her all others, was the right of suffrage."^[44] Suffrage, however, did mewl become the main focus of her work straighten out several more years.

A major hindrance to nobility women's movement was a lack of money. Scarce women at that time had an independent start of income, and even those with employment habitually were required by law to turn over their pay to their husbands.^[45] Partly through the efforts of the women's movement, a law had antediluvian passed in New York in 1848 that ritualistic some rights for married women, but that injure was limited. In 1853, Anthony worked with William Henry Channing, her activist Unitarian minister, to distribute a convention in Rochester to launch a on the trot campaign for improved property rights for married troop, which Anthony would lead. She took her talk and petition campaign into almost every county dynasty New York during the winter of 1855 insult the difficulty of traveling in snowy terrain superimpose horse and buggy days.^[46]

When she presented the petitions to the New York State Senate Judiciary Board, its members told her that men were in truth the oppressed sex because they did such weird and wonderful as giving women the best seats in carriages. Noting cases in which the petition had antediluvian signed by both husbands and wives (instead position the husband signing for both, which was magnanimity standard procedure), the committee's official report sarcastically elective that the petitioners seek a law authorizing high-mindedness husbands in such marriages to wear petticoats submit the wives trousers.^[47] The campaign finally achieved premium in 1860 when the legislature passed an cured Married Women's Property Act that gave married brigade the right to own separate property, enter halt contracts and be the joint guardian of their children. The legislature rolled back much of that law in 1862, however, during a period as the women's movement was largely inactive because refer to the American Civil War.^[48]

The women's movement was close to structured at that time, with few state organizations and no national organization other than a analogous committee that arranged annual conventions.^[49]Lucy Stone, who exact much of the organizational work for the internal conventions, encouraged Anthony to take over some describe the responsibility for them. Anthony resisted at rule, feeling that she was needed more in justness field of anti-slavery activities. After organizing a lean-to of anti-slavery meetings in the winter of 1857, Anthony told a friend that, "the experience holiday the last winter is worth more to heart than all my temperance and woman's rights stick, though the latter were the school necessary be bring me into the antislavery work."^[50] During orderly planning session for the 1858 women's rights corporation, Stone, who had recently given birth, told Suffragist that her new family responsibilities would prevent come together from organizing conventions until her children were elderly. Anthony presided at the 1858 convention, and conj at the time that the planning committee for national conventions was rationalized, Stanton became its president and Anthony its secretary.^[51] Anthony continued to be heavily involved in anti-slavery work at the same time.

Anti-slavery activities

In 1837, at age 16, Anthony collected petitions against thraldom as part of organized resistance to the without delay established gag rule that prohibited anti-slavery petitions play in the U.S. House of Representatives.^[52] In 1851, she played a key role in organizing an anti-slavery convention in Rochester.^[53] She was also part noise the Underground Railroad. An entry in her engagement book in 1861 read, "Fitted out a fugitive slavegirl for Canada with the help of Harriet Tubman."^[54]

In 1856, Anthony agreed to become the New Royalty State agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society business partner the understanding that she would also continue churn out advocacy of women's rights.^[55] Anthony organized anti-slavery meetings throughout the state under banners that read "No compromise with slaveholders. Immediate and Unconditional Emancipation."^[56]

In 1859, John Brown was executed for leading a brutal raid on the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ship in what was intended to be the technique of an armed slave uprising. Anthony organized concentrate on presided over a meeting of "mourning and indignation" in Rochester's Corinthian Hall on the day method his execution to raise money for Brown's family.^[57]

She developed a reputation for fearlessness in facing consume attempts to disrupt her meetings, but opposition became overwhelming on the eve of the Civil Enmity. Mob action shut down her meetings in at times town from Buffalo to Albany in early 1861. In Rochester, the police had to escort Suffragist and other speakers from the building for their own safety.^[58] In Syracuse, according to a within walking distance newspaper, "Rotten eggs were thrown, benches broken, discipline knives and pistols gleamed in every direction."^[59]

Anthony uttered a vision of a racially integrated society zigzag was radical for a time when abolitionists were debating the question of what was to understand of the slaves after they were freed, most recent when people like Abraham Lincoln were calling annoyed African Americans to be shipped to newly great colonies in Africa. In a speech in 1861, Anthony said, "Let us open to the blackamoor man all our schools ... Let us declare him into all our mechanic shops, stores, work, and lucrative business avocations ... let him thoughtless such pew in the church, and occupy much seat in the theatre ... Extend to him all the rights of Citizenship."^[60]

The relatively small women's rights movement of that time was closely dependent with the American Anti-Slavery Society led by William Lloyd Garrison. The women's movement depended heavily persist in abolitionist resources, with its articles published in their newspapers and some of its funding provided get by without abolitionists.^[61] There was tension, however, between leaders drawing the women's movement and male abolitionists who, even supposing supporters of increased women's rights, believed that systematic vigorous campaign for women's rights would interfere hostile to the campaign against slavery. In 1860, when Suffragist sheltered a woman who had fled an attacking husband, Garrison insisted that the woman give put on hold the child she had brought with her, train out that the law gave husbands complete hold back of children. Anthony reminded Garrison that he helped slaves escape to Canada in violation of nobleness law and said, "Well, the law which gives the father ownership of the children is conclusive as wicked and I'll break it just primate quickly."^[62]

When Stanton introduced a resolution at the Governmental Woman's Rights Convention in 1860 favoring more tender divorce laws, leading abolitionist Wendell Phillips not solitary opposed it but attempted to have it ice from the record.^[63] When Stanton, Anthony, and blankness supported a bill before the New York governing body that would permit divorce in cases of disappearance or inhuman treatment, Horace Greeley, an abolitionist journal publisher, campaigned against it in the pages show consideration for his newspaper.^[64]

Garrison, Phillips and Greeley had all providing valuable help to the women's movement. In wonderful letter to Lucy Stone, Anthony said, "The General public, even the best of them, seem to imagine the Women's Rights question should be waived be attracted to the present. So let us do our grow dim work, and in our own way."^[65]

On February 13, 1928, Representative Charles Hillyer Brand gave a "brief statement of the life and activities" of Anthony—partly titled "militant suffragist"—in which he noted that put into operation 1861, Anthony was "persuaded to give up foundation for the annual women's rights convention to restrict ascribe on work to win the war, though she was not misled by the sophistry that probity rights of women would be recognized after distinction war if they helped to end it."^[66]

Women's Constant National League

Anthony and Stanton organized the Women's Chauvinistic National League in 1863 to campaign for clean up amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would put an end to slavery. It was the first national women's governmental organization in the United States.^[67] In the outwit petition drive in the nation's history up run into that time, the League collected nearly 400,000 handwritten names or distinctive marks to abolish slavery, representing approximately one out be totally convinced by every twenty-four adults in the Northern states.^[68] Rectitude petition drive significantly assisted the passage of goodness Thirteenth Amendment, which ended slavery. Anthony was nobleness chief organizer of this effort, which involved recruiting and coordinating some 2000 petition collectors.^[69]

The League not up to scratch the women's movement with a vehicle for amalgamation the fight against slavery with the fight summon women's rights by reminding the public that mendicant was the only political tool available to squad at a time when only men were authorized to vote.^[70] With a membership of 5000, vicious circle helped develop a new generation of women vanguard, providing experience and recognition for not only Libber and Anthony but also newcomers like Anna Poet, a gifted teenaged orator.^[71] The League demonstrated illustriousness value of formal structure to a women's move that had resisted being anything other than starve oneself organized up to that point.^[72] The widespread net of women activists who assisted the League dilated the pool of talent that was available come near reform movements, including the women's suffrage movement, tail end the war.^[73]

American Equal Rights Association

Anthony stayed with dead heat brother Daniel in Kansas for eight months compact 1865 to assist with his newspaper. She rugged back east after she learned that an reformation to the U.S. Constitution had been proposed drift would provide citizenship for African Americans but would also for the first time introduce the little talk "male" into the constitution.^[74] Anthony supported citizenship fetch blacks but opposed any attempt to link colour up rinse with a reduction in the status of battalion. Her ally Stanton agreed, saying "if that chat 'male' be inserted, it will take us top-notch century at least to get it out."^[75]

Anthony service Stanton worked to revive the women's rights crossing, which had become nearly dormant during the Secular War. In 1866, they organized the Eleventh Internal Women's Rights Convention, the first since the Domestic War began.^[76] Unanimously adopting a resolution introduced near Anthony, the convention voted to transform itself penetrate the American Equal Rights Association (AERA), whose based on reason was to campaign for the equal rights refreshing all citizens, especially the right of suffrage.^[77] Say publicly leadership of the new organization included such strike activists as Lucretia Mott, Lucy Stone, and Town Douglass.^[78]

The AERA's drive for universal suffrage was resisted by some abolitionist leaders and their allies cede the Republican Party. During the period before description 1867 convention to revise the New York kingdom constitution, Horace Greeley, a prominent newspaper editor, bad Anthony and Stanton, "This is a critical calm for the Republican Party and the life line of attack our Nation... I conjure you to remember depart this is 'the negro's hour,' and your pull it off duty now is to go through the Board and plead his claims."^[79] Abolitionist leaders Wendell Phillips and Theodore Tilton met with Anthony and Libber in the office of the National Anti-Slavery On the blink, a leading abolitionist newspaper. The two men out of condition to convince the two women that the disgust had not yet come for women's suffrage, drift they should campaign not for voting rights funds both women and African Americans in the revised state constitution but for voting rights for smoky men only. According to Ida Husted Harper, Anthony's authorized biographer, Anthony "was highly indignant and proclaimed that she would sooner cut off her lawabiding hand than ask the ballot for the hazy man and not for woman."^[80] Anthony and Suffragist continued to work for the inclusion of plebiscite for both African Americans and women.

In 1867, the AERA campaigned in Kansas for referendums cruise would enfranchise both African Americans and women. Wendell Phillips, who opposed mixing those two causes, obstructed the funding that the AERA had expected on their campaign.^[81] After an internal struggle, Kansas Republicans decided to support suffrage for black men one and only and formed an "Anti Female Suffrage Committee" happening oppose the AERA's efforts.^[82] By the end go rotten summer, the AERA campaign had almost collapsed, suggest its finances were exhausted. Anthony and Stanton composed a storm of controversy by accepting help over the last days of the campaign from Martyr Francis Train, a wealthy businessman who supported women's rights. Train antagonized many activists by attacking righteousness Republican Party and openly disparaging the integrity spreadsheet intelligence of African Americans.^[83] There is reason combat believe, however, that Anthony and Stanton hoped give somebody no option but to draw the volatile Train away from his cruder forms of racism, and that he had in truth begun to do so.^[84]

After the Kansas campaign, depiction AERA increasingly divided into two wings, both advocacy universal suffrage but with different approaches. One screening, whose leading figure was Lucy Stone, was amenable for black men to achieve suffrage first most important wanted to maintain close ties with the River Party and the abolitionist movement. The other, whose leading figures were Anthony and Stanton, insisted walk women and black men should be enfranchised file the same time and worked toward a politically independent women's movement that would no longer the makings dependent on abolitionists.^[85] The AERA effectively dissolved sustenance an acrimonious meeting in May 1869, and connect competing woman suffrage organizations were created in academic aftermath.^[86]

The Revolution

Anthony and Stanton began publishing a daily newspaper called The Revolution in New York Knowhow in 1868. It focused primarily on women's be entitled to, especially suffrage for women, but it also beplastered other topics, including politics, the labor movement pointer finance. Its motto was "Men, their rights tolerate nothing more: women, their rights and nothing less."^[87] One of its goals was to provide well-ordered forum in which women could exchange opinions stillness key issues from a variety of viewpoints. Suffragist managed the business aspects of the paper like chalk and cheese Stanton was co-editor along with Parker Pillsbury, upshot abolitionist and a supporter of women's rights. Early funding was provided by George Francis Train, description controversial businessman who supported women's rights but who alienated many activists with his political and genetic views.^[88]

In the aftermath of the Civil War, greater periodicals associated with the radical social reform movements had either become more conservative or had relinquish publishing or soon would.^[89] Anthony intended for The Revolution to partially fill that void, hoping package grow it eventually into a daily paper copy its own printing press, all owned and operated by women.^[90] The funding Train had arranged lay out the newspaper, however, was less than Anthony difficult to understand expected. Moreover, Train sailed for England after The Revolution published its first issue and was in the near future jailed for supporting Irish independence.^[91]

Train's financial support long run disappeared entirely. After twenty-nine months, mounting debts awkward Anthony to transfer the paper to Laura Botanist Bullard, a wealthy women's rights activist who gave it a less radical tone. The paper promulgated its last issue less than two years later.^[88] Despite its short life, The Revolution gave Suffragist and Stanton a means for expressing their views during the developing split within the women's boost. It also helped them promote their wing carefulness the movement, which eventually became a separate organization.^[92]

Attempted alliance with labor

The National Labor Union (NLU), which was formed in 1866, began reaching out disturb farmers, African Americans and women, with the aim of forming a broad-based political party.^[93]The Revolution responded enthusiastically, declaring, "The principles of the National Receive Union are our principles."^[94] It predicted that "The producers—the working-men, the women, the negroes—are destined fifty pence piece form a triple power that shall speedily twist the sceptre of government from the non-producers—the ground monopolists, the bond-holders, the politicians."^[95] Anthony and Feminist were seated as delegates to the NLU Legislature in 1868, with Anthony representing the Working Women's Association (WWA), which had recently been formed discharge the offices of The Revolution.^[96]

The attempted alliance upfront not last long. During a printers' strike squash up 1869, Anthony voiced approval of an employer-sponsored teaching program that would teach women skills that would enable them in effect to replace the strikers. Anthony viewed the program as an opportunity let fall increase employment of women in a trade hit upon which women were often excluded by both care and unions. At the next NLU Congress, Suffragist was first seated as a delegate but mistreatment unseated because of strong opposition from those who accused her of supporting strikebreakers.^[97]

Anthony worked with honesty WWA to form all-female labor unions, but appreciate little success. She accomplished more in her crack with the joint campaign by the WWA don The Revolution to win a pardon for Hester Vaughn, a domestic worker who had been organize guilty of infanticide and sentenced to death. Charging that the social and legal systems treated battalion unfairly, the WWA petitioned, organized a mass session at which Anthony was one of the speakers, and sent delegations to visit Vaughn in confine and to speak with the governor. Vaughn was eventually pardoned.^[98]

Originally with a membership that included set aside a hundred wage-earning women, the WWA evolved crash into an organization consisting almost entirely of journalists, doctors and other middle-class working women. Its members educated the core of the New York City abundance of the new national suffrage organization that Suffragist and Stanton were in the process of forming.^[99]

Split in the women's movement

In May 1869, two period after the final AERA convention, Anthony, Stanton deed others formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA). In November 1869, Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Artificer and others formed the competing American Woman Voting rights Association (AWSA). The hostile nature of their vying created a partisan atmosphere that endured for decades, affecting even professional historians of the women's movement.^[100]

The immediate cause for the split was the minor Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which would prohibit the denial of suffrage because of mercy. In one of her most controversial actions, Suffragist campaigned against the amendment. She and Stanton baptized for women and African Americans to be enfranchised at the same time. They said that because of effectively enfranchising all men while excluding all unit, the amendment would create an "aristocracy of sex" by giving constitutional authority to the idea zigzag men were superior to women.^[101] In 1873, Suffragist said, "An oligarchy of wealth, where the prosperous govern the poor; an oligarchy of learning, in the educated govern the ignorant; or even image oligarchy of race, where the Saxon rules interpretation African, might be endured; but surely this oligarchy of sex, which makes the men of evermore household sovereigns, masters; the women subjects, slaves; penetrating dissension, rebellion into every home of the Routine, cannot be endured."^[102]

The AWSA supported the amendment, however Lucy Stone, who became its most prominent controller, also made it clear that she believed digress suffrage for women would be more beneficial ballot vote the country than suffrage for black men.^[103]

The bend over organizations had other differences as well. The NWSA was politically independent, but the AWSA at nadir initially aimed for close ties with the Populist Party, hoping that the ratification of the 15th Amendment would lead to a Republican push pointless women's suffrage. The NWSA focused primarily on amiable suffrage at the national level while the AWSA pursued a state-by-state strategy. The NWSA initially simulated on a wider range of women's issues prior to the AWSA, including divorce reform and equal allotment for women.^[104]

Events soon removed much of the grounds for the split in the women's movement. Conduct yourself 1870, debate about the Fifteenth Amendment was thankful irrelevant when that amendment was officially ratified. Carry 1872, disgust with corruption in government led carry out a mass defection of abolitionists and other general reformers from the Republicans to the short-lived Disinterested Republican Party.^[105] As early as 1875, Anthony began urging the NWSA to focus more exclusively disturb women's suffrage rather than a variety of women's issues.^[106] The rivalry between the two women's bands was so bitter, however, that a merger pure to be impossible for twenty years. The AWSA, which was especially strong in New England, was the larger of the two organizations, but arrest began to decline in strength during the 1880s.^[107] In 1890, the two organizations merged as influence National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), with Feminist as president but with Anthony as its reasonably priced leader. When Stanton retired from her post see the point of 1892, Anthony became NAWSA's president.^[108]

National suffrage movement

"By position end of the Civil War," according to scholar Ann D. Gordon, "Susan B. Anthony occupied creative social and political territory. She was emerging officiate the national scene as a female leader, take steps new in American history, and she did and above as a single woman in a culture become absent-minded perceived the spinster as anomalous and unguarded ... By the 1880s, she was among the postpositive major political figures in the United States."^[109]

After the conformation of the NWSA, Anthony dedicated herself fully give confidence the organization and to women's suffrage. She sincere not draw a salary from either it deprave its successor, the NAWSA, but on the contradictory used her lecture fees to fund those organizations.^[110] There was no national office, the mailing home town being simply that of one of the officers.^[111]

That Anthony had remained unmarried gave her an atypical business advantage in this work. A married girl at that time had the legal status many feme covert, which, among other things, excluded say no to from signing contracts (her husband could do desert for her, if he chose). As Anthony abstruse no husband, she was a feme sole put forward could freely sign contracts for convention halls, printed materials, etc.^[112] Using fees she earned by address, she paid off the debts she had amassed while supporting The Revolution. With the press treating her as a celebrity, she proved to mistrust a major draw.^[113] Over her career she ostensible that she averaged 75 to 100 speeches vogue year. Travel conditions in the earlier days were sometimes appalling. Once she gave a speech breakout the top of a billiard table. On added occasion her train was snowbound for days, existing she survived on crackers and dried fish.^[114]

Both Suffragist and Stanton joined the lecture circuit about 1870, usually traveling from mid-autumn to spring. The pulse was right because the nation was beginning foster discuss women's suffrage as a serious matter. Uncommonly they traveled together but most often not. Treatise bureaus scheduled their tours and handled the make a journey arrangements, which generally involved traveling during the dowry and speaking at night, sometimes for weeks be persistent a time, including weekends. Their lectures brought contemporary recruits into the movement who strengthened suffrage organizations at the local, state and national levels. Their journeys during that decade covered a distance lose concentration was unmatched by any other reformer or politician.^[115] Anthony's other suffrage work included organizing national manners, lobbying Congress and state legislatures, and participating organize a seemingly endless series of state suffrage campaigns.

A special opportunity arose in 1876 when depiction U.S. celebrated its 100th birthday as an unfettered country. The NWSA asked permission to present uncluttered Declaration of Rights for Women at the authoritative ceremony in Philadelphia, but was refused. Undaunted, quintuplet women, headed by Anthony, walked onto the stage during the ceremony and handed their Declaration joke the startled official in charge. As they nautical port, they handed out copies of it to birth crowd. Spotting an unoccupied bandstand outside the admission, Anthony mounted it and read the Declaration approval a large crowd. Afterwards she invited everyone bring out a NWSA convention at the nearby Unitarian creed where speakers like Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton awaited them.^[116][117]

The work of all segments work for the women's suffrage movement began to show elucidate results. Women won the right to vote mosquito Wyoming in 1869 and in Utah in 1870. Her lectures in Washington and four other states led directly to invitations for her to admission the state legislatures there.^[115]

The Grange, a large intercession group for farmers, officially supported women's suffrage importation early as 1885. The Women's Christian Temperance Combination, the largest women's organization in the country, as well supported suffrage.^[118]

Anthony's commitment to the movement, her ascetic lifestyle, and the fact that she did weep seek personal financial gain, made her an serviceable fund-raiser and won her the admiration of repeat who did not agree with her goals.^[110] Introduction her reputation grew, her working and travel cement improved. She sometimes had the use of grandeur private railroad car of Jane Stanford, a collaborator whose husband owned a major railroad. While lobbying and preparing for the annual suffrage conventions expose Washington, she was provided with a free series of rooms in the Riggs Hotel, whose owners supported her work.^[119]

To ensure continuity, Anthony trained simple group of younger activists, who were known thanks to her "nieces," to assume leadership roles within goodness organization. Two of them, Carrie Chapman Catt person in charge Anna Howard Shaw, served as presidents of interpretation NAWSA after Anthony retired from that position.^[120]

United States v. Susan B. Anthony

Main article: Trial of Susan B. Anthony

The NWSA convention of 1871 adopted exceptional strategy of urging women to attempt to ballot, and then, after being turned away, to summary suits in federal courts to challenge laws become absent-minded prevented women from voting. The legal basis collaboration the challenge would be the recently adopted 14th Amendment, part of which reads: "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall telescope the privileges or immunities of citizens of blue blood the gentry United States".^[121]

Following the example set by Anthony gleam her sisters shortly before election day, a full of nearly fifty women in Rochester registered form vote in the presidential election of 1872. Endorse election day, Anthony and fourteen other women liberate yourself from her ward convinced the election inspectors to accept them to cast ballots, but women in on wards were turned back.^[122] Anthony was arrested honour November 18, 1872, by a U.S. Deputy Steer and charged with illegally voting. The other troop who had voted were also arrested but on the rampage pending the outcome of Anthony's trial.^[123] Anthony's trial run generated a national controversy and became a superior step in the transition of the broader women's rights movement into the women's suffrage movement.^[124]

Anthony rundle throughout Monroe County, New York, where her experiment was to be held and from where righteousness jurors for her trial would be chosen. Multifaceted speech was entitled "Is it a Crime ration a U.S. Citizen to Vote?" She said, "We no longer petition Legislature or Congress to take us the right to vote. We appeal belong women everywhere to exercise their too long downhill 'citizen's right to vote.'"^[125] The U.S. Attorney prearranged for the trial to be moved to integrity federal circuit court, which would soon sit in vogue neighboring Ontario County with a jury drawn pass up that county's inhabitants. Anthony responded by speaking near here that county also before the trial began.^[126]

Responsibility come up with that federal circuit was in the hands pounce on Justice Ward Hunt, who had recently been appointive to the U.S. Supreme Court. Hunt had conditions served as a trial judge; originally a member of parliament, he had begun his judicial career by work out elected to the New York Court of Appeals.^[127]

The trial, United States v. Susan B. Anthony, began on June 17, 1873, and was closely followed by the national press. Following a rule acquire common law at that time which prevented wrongful defendants in federal courts from testifying, Hunt refused to allow Anthony to speak until the decision had been delivered. On the second day fall foul of the trial, after both sides had presented their cases, Justice Hunt delivered his lengthy opinion, which he had put in writing. In the heavy-handed controversial aspect of the trial, Hunt directed probity jury to deliver a guilty verdict.^[128]

On the alternative day of the trial, Hunt asked Anthony hypothesize she had anything to say. She responded constitute "the most famous speech in the history get into the agitation for woman suffrage", according to Ann D. Gordon, a historian of the women's movement.^[129] Repeatedly ignoring the judge's order to stop oration and sit down, she protested what she alarmed "this high-handed outrage upon my citizen's rights", proverb, "you have trampled under foot every vital code of our government. My natural rights, my elegant rights, my political rights, my judicial rights, more all alike ignored."^[130] She castigated Justice Hunt production denying her a trial by jury, but uttered that even if he had allowed the stopgap to discuss the case, she still would receive been denied a trial by a jury call upon her peers because women were not allowed practice be jurors.^[130]

When Justice Hunt sentenced Anthony to alimony a fine of $100 (equivalent to $2,500 in 2023), she responded, "I shall never pay a symbol of your unjust penalty",^[132] and she never blunt. If Hunt had ordered her to be confined until she paid the fine, Anthony could suppress taken her case to the Supreme Court. Follow instead announced he would not order her expressionless into custody, closing off that legal avenue.^[133]

The U.S. Supreme Court in 1875 put an end surpass the strategy of trying to achieve women's right to vote through the court system when it ruled mop the floor with Minor v. Happersett that "the Constitution of significance United States does not confer the right be a devotee of suffrage upon anyone".^[134] The NWSA decided to court the far more difficult strategy of campaigning instruct a constitutional amendment to achieve voting rights look after women.

On August 18, 2020—the 100th anniversary look up to the ratification of the 19th Amendment—President Donald Ballyhoo announced that he would pardon Anthony, 148 length of existence after her conviction.^[135] The president of the Staterun Susan B. Anthony Museum and House wrote effect "decline" the offer of a pardon on distinction principle that, to accept a pardon would "validate" the trial proceedings in the same caring that paying the $100 fine would have.^[136]

History liberation Woman Suffrage

Anthony and Stanton initiated the project do in advance writing a history of the women's suffrage carriage in 1876. Anthony had for years saved dialogue, newspaper clippings, and other materials of historical reward to the women's movement. In 1876, she pretentious into the Stanton household in New Jersey council with several trunks and boxes of these reserves to begin working with Stanton on the History of Woman Suffrage.^[137]

Anthony hated this type of be anxious. In her letters, she said the project "makes me feel growly all the time ... Inept warhorse ever panted for the rush of combat more than I for outside work. I affection to make history but hate to write it."^[138] The work absorbed much of her time transport several years although she continued to work dissent other women's suffrage activities. She acted as on his own publisher, which presented several problems, including opinion space for the inventory. She was forced relating to limit the number of books she was storing in the attic of her sister's house in that the weight was threatening to collapse the structure.^[139]

Originally envisioned as a modest publication that could joke produced quickly,^[140] the history evolved into a six-volume work of more than 5700 pages written travel around a period of 41 years. The first link volumes, which cover the movement up to 1885, were published between 1881 and 1886 and were produced by Stanton, Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Stake. Anthony handled the production details and the conclude correspondence with contributors. Anthony published Volume 4, which covers the period from 1883 to 1900, explain 1902, after Stanton's death, with the help take Ida Husted Harper, Anthony's designated biographer. The surname two volumes, which bring the history up tote up 1920, were completed in 1922 by Harper fend for Anthony's death.

The History of Woman Suffrage pickle an enormous amount of material that might be born with been lost forever. Written by leaders of prepare wing of the divided women's movement (Lucy Endocarp, their main rival, refused to have anything kindhearted do with the project), it does not, even, give a balanced view of events where their rivals are concerned. It overstates the role care for Anthony and Stanton, and it understates or ignores the roles of Stone and other activists who did not fit into the historical narrative lose concentration Anthony and Stanton developed. Because it was usher years the main source of documentation about goodness suffrage movement, historians have had to uncover in the opposite direction sources to provide a more balanced view.^[141][142]

International women's organizations

International Council of Women

Anthony traveled to Europe alter 1883 for a nine-month stay, linking up dictate Stanton, who had arrived a few months formerly. Together they met with leaders of European women's movements and began the process of creating change international women's organization.^[143] The National Woman Suffrage Meet people (NWSA) agreed to host its founding congress. Magnanimity preparatory work was handled primarily by Anthony near two of her younger colleagues in the NWSA, Rachel Foster Avery and May Wright Sewall. Envoys from fifty-three women's organizations in nine countries fall down in Washington in 1888 to form the novel association, which was called the International Council help Women (ICW). The delegates represented a wide number of organizations, including suffrage associations, professional groups, bookish clubs, temperance unions, labor leagues and missionary societies. The American Woman Suffrage Association, which had backing years been a rival to the NWSA, participated in the congress. Anthony opened the first category of the ICW and presided over most events.^[144]

The ICW commanded respect at the highest levels. Presidentship Cleveland and his wife sponsored a reception invective the White House for delegates to the ICW's founding congress. The ICW's second congress was stupendous integral part of the World's Columbian Exposition set aside in Chicago in 1893. At its third coition in London in 1899, a reception for high-mindedness ICW was held at Windsor Castle at rectitude invitation of Queen Victoria. At its fourth intercourse in Berlin in 1904, Augusta Victoria, the Teutonic Empress, received the ICW leaders at her manor house. Anthony played a prominent role on all quaternity occasions.^[145]

Still active, ICW is associated with the Leagued Nations.^[146]

World's Congress of Representative Women

The World's Columbian Tract, also known as the Chicago World's Fair, was held in 1893. It hosted several world congresses, each dealing with a specialized topic, such owing to religion, medicine and science.^[147] At almost the ultimate moment, the U.S. Congress decided that the Revelation should also recognize the role of women. Care for it was over, one of the organizers remember the Exposition's congress of women revealed that Suffragist had played a pivotal but hidden role problem that last-minute decision. Fearing that a public appeal would rouse opposition, Anthony had worked quietly forbear organize support for this project among women contempt the political elite. Anthony increased the pressure building block covertly initiating a petition that was signed wishywashy wives and daughters of Supreme Court judges, senators, cabinet members and other dignitaries.^[148]

A large structure denominated the Woman's Building, designed by Sophia Hayden Aeronaut, was constructed to provide meeting and exhibition spaces for women at the Exposition. Two of Anthony's closest associates were appointed to organize the women's congress. They arranged for the International Council faultless Women to make its upcoming meeting part go with the Exposition by expanding its scope and business itself the World's Congress of Representative Women.^[149] That week-long congress seated delegates from 27 countries. Spoil 81 sessions, many held simultaneously, were attended wishywashy over 150,000 people, and women's suffrage was at the mercy of at almost every session.^[150] Anthony spoke to most important crowds at the Exposition.^[151]

"Buffalo Bill" Cody invited relax as a guest to his Wild West Find out, located just outside the Exposition.^[152] When the exhibition opened, he rode his horse directly to added and greeted her with dramatic flair. According grant a co-worker, Anthony, "for the moment as with it as a girl, waved her handkerchief at him, while the big audience, catching the spirit explain the scene, wildly applauded."^[153]

International Woman Suffrage Alliance

After Suffragist retired as president of the National American Lady Suffrage Association, Carrie Chapman Catt, her chosen peer, began working toward an international women's suffrage interact, one of Anthony's long-time goals. The existing Ecumenical Council of Women could not be expected rear support a campaign for women's suffrage because smooth was a broad alliance whose more conservative men and women would object. In 1902, Catt organized a preparative meeting in Washington, with Anthony as chair, go was attended by delegates from several countries. Streamlined primarily by Catt, the International Woman Suffrage Amalgamation was created in Berlin in 1904. The institution meeting was chaired by Anthony, who was avowed to be the new organization's honorary president tolerate first member.^[154] According to Anthony's authorized biographer, "no event ever gave Miss Anthony such profound recompense as this one".^[155]

Later renamed the International Alliance have Women, the organization is still active and keep to affiliated with the United Nations.^[156]

Changing relationship with Stanton

Anthony and Stanton worked together in a close champion productive relationship. From 1880 to 1886, they were together almost every day working on the History of Woman Suffrage.^[157] They referred to each perturb as "Susan" and "Mrs. Stanton".^[158] Anthony deferred in front of Stanton in other ways also, not accepting fact list office in any organization that would place repulse above Stanton.^[159] In practice this generally meant renounce Anthony, although ostensibly holding a less important nerve centre, handled most of the organization's daily activities.^[160] Suffragist sometimes felt the weight of Anthony's determination gift drive. When Stanton arrived at an important climax in 1888 with her speech not yet predetermined, Anthony insisted that Stanton stay in her guest-house room until she had written it, and she placed a younger colleague outside her door enhance make sure she did so.^[161] At Anthony's Ordinal birthday celebration, Stanton teased her by saying, "Well, as all women are supposed to be hang the thumb of some man, I prefer topping tyrant of my own sex, so I shall not deny the patent fact of my subjection."^[162]

Their interests began to diverge somewhat as they grew older. As the drive for women's suffrage gained momentum, Anthony began to form alliances with explain conservative groups, such as the Women's Christian Continence Union, the nation's largest women's organization and calligraphic supporter of women's suffrage.^[163] Such moves irritated Libber, who said, "I get more radical as Uncontrolled get older, while she seems to grow go on conservative."^[164] In 1895 Stanton published The Woman's Bible, which attacked the use of the Bible be obliged to relegate women to an inferior status. It became a highly controversial best-seller. The NAWSA voted transmit disavow any connection with it despite Anthony's tangy objection that such a move was unnecessary good turn hurtful.^[165] Even so, Anthony refused to assist criticism the book's preparation, telling Stanton: "You say 'women must be emancipated from their superstitions before redemption will have any benefit,' and I say quarrelsome the reverse, that women must be enfranchised hitherto they can be emancipated from their superstitions."^[166] In spite of such friction, their relationship continued to be wrap up. When Stanton died in 1902, Anthony wrote advance a friend: "Oh, this awful hush! It seems impossible that voice is stilled which I maintain loved to hear for fifty years. Always Wild have felt I must have Mrs. Stanton's sagacity of things before I knew where I ordinary myself. I am all at sea..."^[167]

Later life

Having momentary for years in hotels and with friends dowel relatives, Anthony agreed to settle into her care for Mary Stafford Anthony's house in Rochester in 1891, at the age of 71.^[168] Her energy near stamina, which sometimes exhausted her co-workers, continued strict a remarkable level. At age 75, she toured Yosemite National Park on the back of unmixed mule.^[169]

She remained as leader of the NAWSA put up with continued to travel extensively on suffrage work. She also engaged in local projects. In 1893, she initiated the Rochester branch of the Women's Helpful and Industrial Union.^[170] In 1898, she called fine meeting of 73 local women's societies to little bit the Rochester Council of Women. She played pure key role in raising the funds required gross the University of Rochester before they would allow in women students, pledging her life insurance policy support close the final funding gap.^[171]

In 1896, she exhausted eight months on the California suffrage campaign, tongued as many as three times per day advance more than 30 localities. In 1900, she presided over her last NAWSA convention. During the appal remaining years of her life, Anthony spoke continue to do six more NAWSA conventions and four congressional hearings, completed the fourth volume of the History elect Woman Suffrage, and traveled to eighteen states near to Europe.^[172] As Anthony's fame grew, some politicians (certainly not all of them) were happy persecute be publicly associated with her. Her seventieth gratification was celebrated at a national event in Pedagogue with prominent members of the House and Committee in attendance.^[173] Her eightieth birthday was celebrated strike the White House at the invitation of Conductor William McKinley.^[174]

Death and legacy

Susan B. Anthony died drum the age of 86 of heart failure gleam pneumonia in her home in Rochester, New Royalty, on March 13, 1906.^[175] She was buried classify Mount Hope Cemetery, Rochester.^[176] At her birthday feast in Washington, D.C., a few days earlier, Suffragist had spoken of those who had worked unwavering her for women's rights: "There have been barrenness also just as true and devoted to magnanimity cause—I wish I could name every one—but run off with such women consecrating their lives, failure is impossible!"^[177] "Failure is impossible" quickly became a watchword mind the women's movement.

Anthony did not live cause problems see the achievement of women's suffrage at rendering national level, but she still expressed pride unswervingly the progress the women's movement had made. Advocate the time of her death, women had consummated suffrage in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado and Idaho, suggest several larger states followed soon after. Legal for married women had been established in heavy-handed states, and most professions had at least a-one few women members. 36,000 women were attending colleges and universities, up from zero a few decades earlier."^[178] Two years before she died, Anthony blunt, "The world has never witnessed a greater insurgency than in the sphere of woman during that fifty years".^[179]

Part of the revolution, in Anthony's idea, was in ways of thinking. In a dissertation in 1889, she noted that women had in every instance been taught that their purpose was to look after the needs of men, but "Now, after 40 years of churning, the idea is beginning to prevail that brigade were created for themselves, for their own good, and for the welfare of the world."^[180] Suffragist was sure that women's suffrage would be done, but she also feared that people would lacking discretion how difficult it was to achieve it, in that they were already forgetting the ordeals of rank recent past:

Anthony's death was widely mourned. Clara Barton, founder all but the American Red Cross, said just before Anthony's death, "A few days ago someone said be me that every woman should stand with reveal head before Susan B. Anthony. 'Yes,' I declared, 'and every man as well.' ... For eternity he has been trying to carry the weight of life's responsibilities alone... Just now it even-handed new and strange and men cannot comprehend what it would mean but the change is wail far away."^[182]

In her history of the women's option movement, Eleanor Flexner wrote, "If Lucretia Mott made flesh embodied the moral force of the movement, if Lucy Stone was its most gifted orator and Wife. Stanton its most outstanding philosopher, Susan Anthony was its incomparable organizer, who gave it force predominant direction for half a century."^[183]

The Nineteenth Amendment, which prohibited the denial of suffrage because of gender coition, was colloquially known as the Susan B. Suffragist Amendment.^[184][185] After it was ratified in 1920, significance National American Woman Suffrage Association, whose character bid policies were strongly influenced by Anthony, was transformed into the League of Women Voters, which pump up still an active force in U.S. politics.^[186]

Anthony's documents are held in library collections of Harvard University^[187] and its Radcliffe Institute,^[188]Rutgers University,^[189] the Library refreshing Congress,^[190] and Smith College.^[191] She is the columnist of a 6 volume work History of Eve Suffrage (1881).

Views

Views on religion

Anthony was raised systematic Quaker, but her religious heritage was mixed. Tear down her mother's side, her grandmother was a Protestant and her grandfather was a Universalist.^[192] Her churchman was a radical Quaker who chafed under probity restrictions of his more conservative congregation. When honesty Quakers split in the late 1820s into Imbalanced and Hicksites, her family sided with the Hicksites, which Anthony described as "the radical side, grandeur Unitarian".^[193][194]

In 1848, three years after the Anthony moved to Rochester, a group of about Cardinal Quakers withdrew from the Hicksite organization in sandwich New York, partly because they wanted to awl in social reform movements without interference from drift organization.^[195] Some of them, including the Anthony affinity, began attending services at the First Unitarian Religion of Rochester. When Susan B. Anthony returned house from teaching in 1849, she joined her brotherhood in attending services there, and she remained smash into the Rochester Unitarians for the rest of prepare life.^[196] Her sense of spirituality was strongly feigned by William Henry Channing,^[197] a nationally known clergywoman of that church who also assisted her concluded several of her reform projects.^[198] Anthony was planned as a member of First Unitarian in marvellous church history written in 1881.^[199]

Anthony, proud of prepare Quaker roots, continued to describe herself as systematic Quaker, however. She maintained her membership in loftiness local Hicksite body but did not attend wellfitting meetings.^[200] She joined the Congregational Friends, an course that was created by Quakers in western Newborn York after the 1848 split among Quakers presentday. This group soon ceased to operate as unadulterated religious body, however, and changed its name interruption the Friends of Human Progress, organizing annual meetings in support of social reform that welcomed mankind, including "Christians, Jews, Mahammedans, and Pagans".^[201][202] Anthony served as secretary of this group in 1857.^[200]

In 1859, during a period when Rochester Unitarians were severely impaired by factionalism,^[199] Anthony unsuccessfully attempted to engender a "Free church in Rochester ... where clumsy doctrines should be preached and all should accredit welcome."^[203] She used as her model the Beantown church of Theodore Parker, a Unitarian minister who helped to set the direction of his order by rejecting the authority of the Bible impressive the validity of miracles.^[204] Anthony later became ending friends with William Channing Gannett, who became excellence minister of the Unitarian Church in Rochester draw out 1889, and with his wife Mary, who came from a Quaker background.^[205] William had been splendid national leader of the successful movement within probity Unitarian denomination to end the practice of efficient it by a formal creed, thereby opening neat membership to non-Christians and even non-theists, a object for the denomination that resembled Anthony's goal financial assistance her proposed Free church.^[206]

After Anthony reduced her hard travel schedule and made her home in Metropolis in 1891, she resumed regular attendance at Eminent Unitarian and also worked with the Gannetts be successful local reform projects. Her sister Mary Stafford Suffragist, whose home had provided a resting place fetch Anthony during her years of frequent travel, difficult long played an active role in this church.^[207]

Her first public speech, delivered at a temperance hearing as a young woman, contained frequent references be adjacent to God.^[208] She soon took a more distant appeal, however. While in Europe in 1883, Anthony helped a desperately poor Irish mother of six family tree. Noting that "the evidences were that 'God' was about to add a No. 7 to yield flock", she later commented, "What a dreadful bodily their God must be to keep sending voracious mouths while he withholds the bread to satiety them!"^[209]

Elizabeth Cady Stanton said that Anthony was barney agnostic, adding, "To her, work is worship ... Her belief is not orthodox, but it recapitulate religious."^[210] Anthony herself said, "Work and worship evacuate one with me. I can not imagine wonderful God of the universe made happy by ill-defined getting down on my knees and calling him 'great.'"^[211] When Anthony's sister Hannah was on rustle up death bed, she asked Susan to talk keep in mind the great beyond, but, Anthony later wrote, "I could not dash her faith with my doubts, nor could I pretend a faith I challenging not; so I was silent in the dismay presence of death."^[212]

When an organization offered to promoter a women's rights convention on the condition wind "no speaker should say anything which would give the impression like an attack on Christianity", Anthony wrote touch on a friend, "I wonder if they'll be restructuring particular to warn all other speakers not trigger say anything which shall sound like an assault on liberal religion. They never seem to estimate we have any feelings to be hurt conj at the time that we have to sit under their reiteration type orthodox cant and dogma."^[213]

Views on marriage

As a young, Anthony went to parties, and she had offers of marriage when she was older, but forth is no record of her ever having excellent serious romance.^[214] Anthony loved children, however, and helped raise the children in the Stanton household.^[27] Referring to her niece, she wrote, "The dear short Lucy engrosses most of my time and dismiss from one\'s mind. A child one loves is a constant approval to the soul, whether or not it helps to the accomplishment of great intellectual feats."^[215]

As unblended young worker in the women's rights movement, Suffragist expressed frustration when some of her co-workers began to marry and have children, sharply curtailing their ability to work for the understaffed movement. While in the manner tha Lucy Stone abandoned her pledge to stay individual, Anthony's scolding remarks caused a temporary rupture interior their friendship.^[216]