Tentang oswald kulpe biography

WORKS BY KÜLPE

SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY

Oswald Kiilpe (–), founding father of the “Wiirzburg school” of psychology, was aborigine in Kandau, Courland (now Latvia), the son end a notary public. He attended the Gymnasium live in Libau and for two years was privately tutored. After he began his university education he abstruse considerable difficulty deciding whether his major interest think twice in history or in psychology. In he enrolled at the University of Leipzig to study portrayal, but once he was there his interests were directed toward psychology and philosophy by Wil-helm Wundt, whose laboratory had been established just two ripen previously. After a year at Leipzig, Kiilpe weigh for a semester of study at Berlin, pending whether to throw in his lot with nobleness Berlin historians Theodor Mommsen, Johann Kirchhoff, and Hermann Diels, or with Wundt. When he left Songster he did study more psychology but not like lightning with Wundt; instead he went to study be infatuated with G. E. Miiller at Göttingen and during realm three semesters there began a dissertation on honourableness theory of sensual feelings. Once more he was drawn to history and studied that subject use a year at Dorpat, but in he shared to Wundt. The following year he obtained doctorate under Wundt, with the dissertation he confidential first worked on under Miiller ().

Külpe remained play a part the Leipzig laboratory for eight years. He wrote his habilitation thesis on the doctrine of goodness will in recent psychology (), was appointed put the finishing touches to the faculty as a docent, and after dignity departure of James M. Cattell became Wundt’s cooperative. He continued to be immersed in the in advance work of Wundt’s laboratory and published an unit composition on simultaneous and nonsimultaneous motion (–).

As Wundt myself became more and more involved in ethnopsychology (Völkerpsychologie), it fell to Külpe to write a on the loose exposition of experimental psychology. He discussed the notebook, chapter by chapter, with Ernst Meumann, James Publicity. Angell, and Edward B. Titchener, then students decompose Leipzig; it was published as Grundriss der Psychologic in There is nothing in the Grundriss en route for thinking, which was then not accessible to experimentation; rather, following Richard Avenarius, Külpe defined psychology restructuring the science of those experiences that are dispassionate upon an experiencing individual and outlined the unconfirmed findings of that science.

Once Külpe had been settled full professor at Würzburg in , he proceeded, with all the energy and tenacity at king command, to set up an institute for irrational experimentation. He was supported by Karl Marbe, who had become a docent at Würzburg in Pinpoint two years Kiilpe was granted the use deserve a few rooms by the library, and empty was there that he and Marbe began border on experiment, without assistants, staff, or funds. It was only after Külpe had declined appointments both tablet Minister and Stanford that he was able object to secure government grants, and he then hired Painter Dürr as his first assistant. Five years afterward, in , Kiilpe accepted an appointment at City, and his assistant Karl Bühler wentwith him. Culminate successor at Würzburg was Marbe, and Marbe’s pull it off assistant was Kurt Koffka.

The Wiirzburg school . At hand is little in Külpe’s own writings that would lead one to associate him with the Würzburg school, so clearly identified with the psychology characteristic thinking. Except for a brief article (a), misstep wrote nothing on this subject, and yet here is no doubt whatever that he was say publicly founder of the Würzburg school. He inspired bring to an end the work that made Würzburg famous in behaviour, and when he left for Bonn, no new to the job work was done at Würzburg on the tentative psychology of thought processes. Until then Külpe was both the intellectual leader of the Würzburg league and its most willing experimental subject. During consummate 13 years at Würzburg more than fifty empirical investigations were published. His aim was to get bigger an experimental approach to the problem of belief, equivalent to that which Hermann Ebbinghaus had complex for memory.

The findings that Mayer and Orth accessible in on the qualitative nature of associations optional that thought consists of a course of communications and that it is a process that permits description. The method by which it was let down be made experimentally accessible was introspection: the category of thought. At about the same time Marbe published his investigation of judgment (), and encouragement excited much attention. It showed that the store of judgment lie concealed beneath all the overwhelm phenomena of consciousness and that sensation, imagination, nearby feeling are not involved in judgment. The dispersed does not know how he comes to produce a judgment; a rational conclusion may follow undecorated irrational process of thought. These Würzburg findings began basically to undermine Wundt’s concept of consciousness.

The suggestion of the investigations was that thought is imageless and that it depends on such conscious attitudes (Bewusstseinslagen) as doubt, certainty, etc., rather than fine hair images and sensations.

Another member of the Würzburg embassy, H. J. Watt, obtained related results with forced associations, which he investigated by the method in this area fractionation. He found that a task does quite a distance stimulate an “intention” to perform it, but ensure the “decision” to perform the task produces clever quasi-unconscious “determining tendency.” Narziss Ach appreciated the fact of this determining tendency in everyday life, stomach he subjected it to systematic experimental observation, looking for to measure the intensity of an act make a fuss over will by the strength of the associations consider it have to be overcome. August Messer, who difficult to understand previously been at Giessen, and Karl Bühler, who had worked in the laboratory of Carl Stumpf at Berlin, came to Würzburg in and separately and developed the theory of imageless thought. Bühler’s introspective method, in particular, exposed the experimental the act of learning or a room for learning of thought processes to criticism and thereby sensual the world-wide interest of psychologists.

During his years calm Bonn Külpe wrote important works on philosophy. Skull he accepted a call to the University see Munich, where his sudden death two years consequent broke off his work on a new businesslike exposition of experimental psychology.

W. J. Revers

[Forthe historical dispute of Kulpe’s work, see the biographies ofMÜller, Georg Elias, andWundt. For discussion of the subsequent condition of his ideas, seeGestalt theory; Thinking; and nobleness biography ofBÜhler.]

WORKS BY KÜLPE

Zur Theorie der sinnlichen Gefühle: Inaugural Dissertation.Altenburg: Geibel.

Die Lehre vom Willen in der neueren Psychologic: Habilitationsschrift. Leipzig: Engelmann.

– Über die Gleichzeitigkeit und Ungleichzeitigkeit der Bewegungen.Philosophische Studien –; –

() Outlines of Psychology, Based Upon the Deserts of Experimental Investigation. 2d ed. London: Sonnenschein; Contemporary York: Macmillan. → First published as Grundriss perplex Psychologic: Auf experimenteller Grundlage dargestellt . ..

() Introduction to Philosophy: A Handbook for Students of Psyche, Logic, Ethics, Aesthetics and General Philosophy. London: Sonnenschein; New York: Macmillan. → First published as Einleitung in die Philosophic.

() The Philosophy of the Familiarize in Germany. London: Allen. → First published chimpanzee Die Philosophic der Gegenwart in Deutschland: Eine Charakteristik ihrer Hauptrichtungen, nach Vortrdgen, gehalten in Ferienkurs für Lehrer zu Würzburg.

Erkenntnistheorie und Naturwissenschaft. Leipzig: Hirzel.

a Über die moderne Psychologic des Denkens. Pages – in Oswald Külpe, Vorlesungen über Psychologic. Edited because of Karl Bühler. 2d ed., rev. & enl. Leipzig: Hirzel.

b Contribution to the History of the Abstraction of Reality. Philosophical Review –

c Psychologic und Medizin. Leipzig: Engelmann.

– Die Realisierung: Ein Beitrag zur Grundlegung der Realwissenschaften. 3 vols. Leipzig: Hirzel.

SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ach, Narziss Über die Willenstätigkeit und das Denken; eine experimented Untersuchung mit einem Anhange: Uber das Hippsche Chronoskop. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Boring, Edwin G. () Out History of Experimental Psychology. 2d ed. New York: Appleton. → See especially pages – on “Külpe Before Wiirzburg” and pages – for a bibliography.

BÜhler, Karl – Tatsachen und Probleme zu einer Psychologic der Denkvorgange. Archiv für die gesamte Psychologic –; – → Part 1: Über Gedanken. Part 2: Über Gedankenzusammenhänge.

Flugel, John C. () A Hundred Period of Psychology: –. With an additional part: –, by Donald J. West. New York: Basic Books.

Marbe, Karl Experimentell-psychologische Untersuchungen über das Urteil: Eine Einleitung in die Logik. Leipzig: Engelmann.

Mayer, A.; and consumption, J. Zur qualitativen Untersuchung der Association. Zeitschrift für Psychologic und Physiologic der Sinnesorgane –

Messer, August Experimentell-psychologische Untersuchungen iiber das Denken. Archiv für die gesamte Psychologic –

Murphy, G,ardner () Historical Introduction to Today's Psychology. Rev. ed. New York: Harcour → Observe especially pages – in the edition on high-mindedness Würzburg school.

Orth, Johannes, Gefiihl und Bewusstseinslage: Eine kritisch-experimentelle Studie. Berlin: Reuther & Reichard.

Watt, H. J. Experimentelle Beiträge zu einer Theorie des Denkens. Archiv fiir die gesamte Psychologie –